The result obtained indicates a large number of incorrectly answered questions. Read recommended articles on these issues.
Gres porcellanato. Tiles with a light or colored base, plain (monocolor) or fine-grained with a compacted, vitrified shard, produced by pressing. The technical and commercial name for this type of tile in some countries is as follows:
Germany – Porzellan Steinzeugfliesen
Poland - Super Gres
Ukraine - Piastrella
Russia – ceramic granite or porcelain stoneware
England – Fully Vitrified Porcelain Tiles or Vitrified Stoneware
France - Gres ceramic
Spain - Gres Porcelanico
Italy – Gres Porcellanato
Portugal - Granito Porcelanato Ceramica
Material on this issue is presented in the article Unglazed tiles .
Unglazed tiles consist of one layer - a ceramic shard. The color is obtained from the raw material or is colored by metal oxides throughout the tile body (tile). The surface can remain untreated (natural) or be processed, taking on various surfaces: polished, honed, rusticated, structured, etc. Unglazed tiles include:
Clinker
Cotto (terracotta)
Gres Porcellanato (ceramic granite)
Gres red
Cottoforte
Extruded gres
Majolica
Information on this issue is presented in the article Unglazed tiles .
The existence of ceramic slabs with different types of surfaces is the result of successful experiments by manufacturers. The most popular of them can be considered surface polishing (with its variations). Select the correct definitions or statements.
Polished porcelain tiles are less slippery than polished ones, but due to the smooth surface of such tiles, they are easy to clean.
Tiles with a matte surface are not only the most affordable, since they do not require additional processing, but also the most durable.
The tile that comes out of the kiln and is not subjected to additional mechanical treatment after firing has a matte surface.
When polishing, the topmost “sintered” layer is cut off. As a result, polished porcelain stoneware is slightly inferior to matte in terms of performance characteristics, in particular, wear resistance.
A matte surface is more slippery than, for example, polished or glazed.
Polished Surface - The surface of glazed or unglazed ceramic tiles and slabs that is polished at the final stage of manufacture to impart shine.
When exposed to water, polished tiles become very slippery.
A polished surface is obtained by special matte polishing.
To obtain polished tiles, their surface is polished with special diamond nozzles using a large number of chemicals.
Material on this issue is presented in the article Porcelain tiles - many faces and diversity .
Glazed ceramic tiles can be used to cover walls and floors. Which of the following statements regarding glaze are true?
The fragility of the adhesion of the glaze to the shard is expressed in the formation of a network of cracks in the glaze layer (cek) or the detachment of the glaze from the shard after firing and cooling.
Glaze is a shiny or enamel glassy layer in the form of a thin film (1 - 3 mm).
Frit is a special type of glass that, during the firing of the tile, melts and adheres tightly to the shard.
Transparent glazes are also called enamels.
Glaze, consisting of frits only, is used only to achieve a shiny surface on some types of wall tiles.
Tsek is a type of glaze defect. This occurs due to the difference in the expansion coefficients of the shard and the glaze itself. The center has the appearance of web-like cracks.
The chemical composition of the glaze and the ceramic shard is different. Their thermal expansion also varies in size.
Transparent glazes are colorless and colored.
Material on this issue is in the article Glaze general concepts and classification .
Standards, articles and books use specialized ceramic tile terms. Below are such terms and their definitions. Which pairs - term and definition - correspond to reality?
Extruded ceramic tiles and slabs - Ceramic tiles and slabs cut to a specified length from a strip formed by an extruder from a plastic mass.
Semi-dry pressed ceramic tiles and slabs - Ceramic tiles and slabs produced by pressing a powdered mass into molds under high pressure.
Angobed Surface - A thin layer of clay slurry applied to the surface of a ceramic tile or slab that has a matte appearance and may be permeable or waterproof.
Water absorption (E) - Water absorption is determined as a percentage by mass in accordance with EN ISO 10545-3.
Glaze - A thin glassy sintered layer covering the surface of a ceramic tile or slab that is waterproof
Ceramic tiles and slabs with an engobed surface are considered glazed.
Material on this issue is presented in standard EN 14411 .
