Ceramic tiles: terms and definitions

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Question 1

The existence of ceramic slabs with different types of surfaces is the result of successful experiments by manufacturers. The most popular of them can be considered surface polishing (with its variations). Select the correct definitions or statements.

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A matte surface is more slippery than, for example, polished or glazed.

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Polished Surface - The surface of glazed or unglazed ceramic tiles and slabs that is polished at the final stage of manufacture to impart shine.

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To obtain polished tiles, their surface is polished with special diamond nozzles using a large number of chemicals.

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A polished surface is obtained by special matte polishing.

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The tile that comes out of the kiln and is not subjected to additional mechanical treatment after firing has a matte surface.

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Tiles with a matte surface are not only the most affordable, since they do not require additional processing, but also the most durable.

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When exposed to water, polished tiles become very slippery.

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When polishing, the topmost “sintered” layer is cut off. As a result, polished porcelain stoneware is slightly inferior to matte in terms of performance characteristics, in particular, wear resistance.

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Polished porcelain tiles are less slippery than polished ones, but due to the smooth surface of such tiles, they are easy to clean.

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Material on this issue is presented in the article Porcelain tiles - many faces and diversity .

Question 2

The variety of types of ceramic tiles produced is quite large. It ranges from traditional terracotta to tiles with complex chromatic textures that imitate non-ceramic materials such as glass, metal, and natural stone. Below are the names of the types of ceramic tiles and their descriptions. Which of them do you think are true?

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Faience . Glazed ceramic tiles with a porous and white base, press molded, double fired. Water absorption from 6 to 12%. The raw material is white clay, which after firing gives the shard a light tone. White sponge cake allows you to use transparent glazes or glazes in light colors. These tiles are of high artistic quality.

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Ceramic granite . Tiles with a light or colored base, plain (monocolor) or fine-grained with a compacted, vitrified shard, produced by pressing. Water absorption <0.5%. The distinctive features of porcelain stoneware are strength, resistance to abrasion, chemical and biological influences, frost resistance, and high bending strength. At the same time, the tiles are not subject to aging and retain their original properties and are not affected by the environment.

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Cottoforte . Double-fired glazed tiles with a porous, colored base, press-molded. Like majolica, cottoforte is a glazed tile with a colored porous base, but in terms of its raw material composition it is close to red gres (that is, a tile with a compacted shard). Water absorption ranges from 6 to 15%. Due to its high porosity, cottoforte is not frost-resistant. The average tile thickness of 10-12 mm is quite sufficient to accommodate the loads inherent in residential premises.

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Majolica . Double fired glazed tiles with a porous and colored base, press molded. Firing is carried out in two stages, first the shard is fired, then the glaze. Water absorption ranges from 12 to 22%. Accordingly, the tiles are not frost-resistant and are not highly durable.

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Clinker . Unglazed and single-fired glazed tiles with compacted shards, produced by extrusion. The raw material is a mixture of various types of refractory (fireproof) clays, quartz, feldspar, fireclay. Clinker belongs to the class of tiles with enhanced physical and mechanical characteristics associated with high-quality raw materials and production technology. This type of tile can also be called extruded gres.

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Cotto (terracotta) . Most often, unglazed tiles with a red and porous base, produced by extrusion. A mixture of different types of natural clay without special sorting and mixing. Cotto is an Italian name, generally accepted and well known to us - terracotta. The ratio to water absorption is determined by the raw material composition and process conditions and varies from 3 to 15%. Cotto tiles have a significant thickness from 15 to 25 mm.

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Gres red . Unglazed, red-burning tile with compacted shards, produced by pressing. The raw material is a mixture of red clays with quartz, spar and fireclay. Water absorption is less than 3%. It has high strength and abrasion resistance (abrasion resistance). Strength indicators are higher than those of natural stone.

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Gres . Gres is a name for ceramic materials that are characterized by a compact crystalline structure of a shard with partial vitrification (the process of transformation into a glassy mass), therefore tiles of this type are typologically classified as stone-ceramic tiles. Stone-ceramic tiles have a water absorption of <3%.

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Material on this issue is presented in the article Unglazed tiles .

Question 3

Unglazed tiles consist of one layer - a ceramic shard. The color is obtained from the raw material or is colored by metal oxides throughout the tile body (tile). The surface can remain untreated (natural) or be processed, taking on various surfaces: polished, honed, rusticated, structured, etc. Unglazed tiles include:

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Gres Porcellanato (ceramic granite)

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Gres red

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Extruded gres

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Cotto (terracotta)

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Cottoforte

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Clinker

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Majolica

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Information on this issue is presented in the article Unglazed tiles .

Question 4

Gres porcellanato. Tiles with a light or colored base, plain (monocolor) or fine-grained with a compacted, vitrified shard, produced by pressing. The technical and commercial name for this type of tile in some countries is as follows:

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Italy – Gres Porcellanato

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Spain - Gres Porcelanico

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Portugal - Granito Porcelanato Ceramica

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Germany – Porzellan Steinzeugfliesen

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Russia – ceramic granite or porcelain stoneware

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Poland - Super Gres

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France - Gres ceramic

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England – Fully Vitrified Porcelain Tiles or Vitrified Stoneware

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Ukraine - Piastrella

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Material on this issue is presented in the article Unglazed tiles .

Question 5

Standards, articles and books use specialized ceramic tile terms. Below are such terms and their definitions. Which pairs - term and definition - correspond to reality?

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Water absorption (E) - Water absorption is determined as a percentage by mass in accordance with EN ISO 10545-3.

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Angobed Surface - A thin layer of clay slurry applied to the surface of a ceramic tile or slab that has a matte appearance and may be permeable or waterproof.

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Glaze - A thin glassy sintered layer covering the surface of a ceramic tile or slab that is waterproof

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Semi-dry pressed ceramic tiles and slabs - Ceramic tiles and slabs produced by pressing a powdered mass into molds under high pressure.

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Ceramic tiles and slabs with an engobed surface are considered glazed.

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Extruded ceramic tiles and slabs - Ceramic tiles and slabs cut to a specified length from a strip formed by an extruder from a plastic mass.

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Material on this issue is presented in standard EN 14411 .

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