Ceramic tiles: terms and definitions

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Question 1

Gres porcellanato. Tiles with a light or colored base, plain (monocolor) or fine-grained with a compacted, vitrified shard, produced by pressing. The technical and commercial name for this type of tile in some countries is as follows:

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Spain - Gres Porcelanico

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Germany – Porzellan Steinzeugfliesen

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Italy – Gres Porcellanato

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Poland - Super Gres

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Ukraine - Piastrella

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France - Gres ceramic

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England – Fully Vitrified Porcelain Tiles or Vitrified Stoneware

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Russia – ceramic granite or porcelain stoneware

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Portugal - Granito Porcelanato Ceramica

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Material on this issue is presented in the article Unglazed tiles .

Question 2

The variety of types of ceramic tiles produced is quite large. It ranges from traditional terracotta to tiles with complex chromatic textures that imitate non-ceramic materials such as glass, metal, and natural stone. Below are the names of the types of ceramic tiles and their descriptions. Which of them do you think are true?

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Gres red . Unglazed, red-burning tile with compacted shards, produced by pressing. The raw material is a mixture of red clays with quartz, spar and fireclay. Water absorption is less than 3%. It has high strength and abrasion resistance (abrasion resistance). Strength indicators are higher than those of natural stone.

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Clinker . Unglazed and single-fired glazed tiles with compacted shards, produced by extrusion. The raw material is a mixture of various types of refractory (fireproof) clays, quartz, feldspar, fireclay. Clinker belongs to the class of tiles with enhanced physical and mechanical characteristics associated with high-quality raw materials and production technology. This type of tile can also be called extruded gres.

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Cotto (terracotta) . Most often, unglazed tiles with a red and porous base, produced by extrusion. A mixture of different types of natural clay without special sorting and mixing. Cotto is an Italian name, generally accepted and well known to us - terracotta. The ratio to water absorption is determined by the raw material composition and process conditions and varies from 3 to 15%. Cotto tiles have a significant thickness from 15 to 25 mm.

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Gres . Gres is a name for ceramic materials that are characterized by a compact crystalline structure of a shard with partial vitrification (the process of transformation into a glassy mass), therefore tiles of this type are typologically classified as stone-ceramic tiles. Stone-ceramic tiles have a water absorption of <3%.

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Ceramic granite . Tiles with a light or colored base, plain (monocolor) or fine-grained with a compacted, vitrified shard, produced by pressing. Water absorption <0.5%. The distinctive features of porcelain stoneware are strength, resistance to abrasion, chemical and biological influences, frost resistance, and high bending strength. At the same time, the tiles are not subject to aging and retain their original properties and are not affected by the environment.

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Majolica . Double fired glazed tiles with a porous and colored base, press molded. Firing is carried out in two stages, first the shard is fired, then the glaze. Water absorption ranges from 12 to 22%. Accordingly, the tiles are not frost-resistant and are not highly durable.

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Cottoforte . Double-fired glazed tiles with a porous, colored base, press-molded. Like majolica, cottoforte is a glazed tile with a colored porous base, but in terms of its raw material composition it is close to red gres (that is, a tile with a compacted shard). Water absorption ranges from 6 to 15%. Due to its high porosity, cottoforte is not frost-resistant. The average tile thickness of 10-12 mm is quite sufficient to accommodate the loads inherent in residential premises.

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Faience . Glazed ceramic tiles with a porous and white base, press molded, double fired. Water absorption from 6 to 12%. The raw material is white clay, which after firing gives the shard a light tone. White sponge cake allows you to use transparent glazes or glazes in light colors. These tiles are of high artistic quality.

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Material on this issue is presented in the article Unglazed tiles .

Question 3

Ceramic products can be divided into three groups:

  1. building ceramics;
  2. facing ceramics;
  3. art ceramics.

Which of the following products can be classified as veneer ceramics? 

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Expanded clay

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Pipes

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Compositions, for example, a vase with flowers, a girl on a swing, etc.

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Brick

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Tile

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Dishes

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Facing brick

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Roof tiles

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Ceramic tile

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Information on this issue is presented in the article Ceramic products, facing ceramics .

Question 4

Ceramic tiles and rectangular slabs come in a range of sizes. The names of these sizes and definitions are given below. Which pairs - term and definition - correspond to reality?

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Non-modular dimensions - Dimensions that do not take into account the modular (M) structure.

NOTE See ISO 1006, where 1M = 100 mm.

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Technological size (W) - A size established for the manufacturing process of ceramic tiles and slabs, which must correspond to the actual size within acceptable deviations.

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Coordination size (C) - Technological size, including the width of the seam.

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Actual size - The size obtained by measuring the surface of ceramic tiles and slabs in accordance with EN ISO 10545-2.

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Modular size - Dimensions of ceramic tiles and slabs determined on the basis of module M, as well as their multiple and divisible, with the exception of tiles and slabs with a front surface area of ​​less than 9000 mm2.

NOTE See ISO 1006, where 1M = 100 mm.

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Nominal size - Size used to designate a product.

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The dimensions of tiles and slabs of other shapes are determined by the largest size of the rectangle in which they are inscribed

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Material on this issue is set out in standard EN 14411 .

Question 5

Glazed ceramic tiles can be used to cover walls and floors. Which of the following statements regarding glaze are true?

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The fragility of the adhesion of the glaze to the shard is expressed in the formation of a network of cracks in the glaze layer (cek) or the detachment of the glaze from the shard after firing and cooling.

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Transparent glazes are colorless and colored.

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Tsek is a type of glaze defect. This occurs due to the difference in the expansion coefficients of the shard and the glaze itself. The center has the appearance of web-like cracks.

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Transparent glazes are also called enamels.

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Glaze is a shiny or enamel glassy layer in the form of a thin film (1 - 3 mm).

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The chemical composition of the glaze and the ceramic shard is different. Their thermal expansion also varies in size.

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Glaze, consisting of frits only, is used only to achieve a shiny surface on some types of wall tiles.

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Frit is a special type of glass that, during the firing of the tile, melts and adheres tightly to the shard.

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Material on this issue is in the article Glaze general concepts and classification .

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