Ceramic tiles: terms and definitions

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Question 1

Gres porcellanato. Tiles with a light or colored base, plain (monocolor) or fine-grained with a compacted, vitrified shard, produced by pressing. The technical and commercial name for this type of tile in some countries is as follows:

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Portugal - Granito Porcelanato Ceramica

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Spain - Gres Porcelanico

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Germany – Porzellan Steinzeugfliesen

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Poland - Super Gres

Incorrect
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England – Fully Vitrified Porcelain Tiles or Vitrified Stoneware

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France - Gres ceramic

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Ukraine - Piastrella

Incorrect
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Italy – Gres Porcellanato

Correct
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Russia – ceramic granite or porcelain stoneware

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Material on this issue is presented in the article Unglazed tiles .

Question 2

Ceramic tiles and slabs are used mainly for flooring and wall cladding. As a rule, they are molded at room temperature using the extrusion method (method A) or the semi-dry pressing method (method B). Indicate what types of ceramic tiles are molded using the semi-dry pressing method (method B).

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Your AnswerOptionRight?Result

Gres red

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Cottoforte

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Porcelain tiles

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Cotto (terracotta)

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Clinker

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Majolica

Correct
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Information on this issue can be found on the forum Classification of tiles and area of ​​use .

Question 3

The variety of types of ceramic tiles produced is quite large. It ranges from traditional terracotta to tiles with complex chromatic textures that imitate non-ceramic materials such as glass, metal, and natural stone. Below are the names of the types of ceramic tiles and their descriptions. Which of them do you think are true?

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Faience . Glazed ceramic tiles with a porous and white base, press molded, double fired. Water absorption from 6 to 12%. The raw material is white clay, which after firing gives the shard a light tone. White sponge cake allows you to use transparent glazes or glazes in light colors. These tiles are of high artistic quality.

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Ceramic granite . Tiles with a light or colored base, plain (monocolor) or fine-grained with a compacted, vitrified shard, produced by pressing. Water absorption <0.5%. The distinctive features of porcelain stoneware are strength, resistance to abrasion, chemical and biological influences, frost resistance, and high bending strength. At the same time, the tiles are not subject to aging and retain their original properties and are not affected by the environment.

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Cottoforte . Double-fired glazed tiles with a porous, colored base, press-molded. Like majolica, cottoforte is a glazed tile with a colored porous base, but in terms of its raw material composition it is close to red gres (that is, a tile with a compacted shard). Water absorption ranges from 6 to 15%. Due to its high porosity, cottoforte is not frost-resistant. The average tile thickness of 10-12 mm is quite sufficient to accommodate the loads inherent in residential premises.

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Gres red . Unglazed, red-burning tile with compacted shards, produced by pressing. The raw material is a mixture of red clays with quartz, spar and fireclay. Water absorption is less than 3%. It has high strength and abrasion resistance (abrasion resistance). Strength indicators are higher than those of natural stone.

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Clinker . Unglazed and single-fired glazed tiles with compacted shards, produced by extrusion. The raw material is a mixture of various types of refractory (fireproof) clays, quartz, feldspar, fireclay. Clinker belongs to the class of tiles with enhanced physical and mechanical characteristics associated with high-quality raw materials and production technology. This type of tile can also be called extruded gres.

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Gres . Gres is a name for ceramic materials that are characterized by a compact crystalline structure of a shard with partial vitrification (the process of transformation into a glassy mass), therefore tiles of this type are typologically classified as stone-ceramic tiles. Stone-ceramic tiles have a water absorption of <3%.

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Majolica . Double fired glazed tiles with a porous and colored base, press molded. Firing is carried out in two stages, first the shard is fired, then the glaze. Water absorption ranges from 12 to 22%. Accordingly, the tiles are not frost-resistant and are not highly durable.

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Cotto (terracotta) . Most often, unglazed tiles with a red and porous base, produced by extrusion. A mixture of different types of natural clay without special sorting and mixing. Cotto is an Italian name, generally accepted and well known to us - terracotta. The ratio to water absorption is determined by the raw material composition and process conditions and varies from 3 to 15%. Cotto tiles have a significant thickness from 15 to 25 mm.

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Material on this issue is presented in the article Unglazed tiles .

Question 4

Ceramic products can be divided into three groups:

  1. building ceramics;
  2. facing ceramics;
  3. art ceramics.

Which of the following products can be classified as veneer ceramics? 

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Your AnswerOptionRight?Result

Brick

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Compositions, for example, a vase with flowers, a girl on a swing, etc.

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Pipes

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Dishes

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Facing brick

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Ceramic tile

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Roof tiles

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Expanded clay

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Tile

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Information on this issue is presented in the article Ceramic products, facing ceramics .

Question 5

Standards, articles and books use specialized ceramic tile terms. Below are such terms and their definitions. Which pairs - term and definition - correspond to reality?

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Glaze - A thin glassy sintered layer covering the surface of a ceramic tile or slab that is waterproof

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Extruded ceramic tiles and slabs - Ceramic tiles and slabs cut to a specified length from a strip formed by an extruder from a plastic mass.

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Ceramic tiles and slabs with an engobed surface are considered glazed.

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Angobed Surface - A thin layer of clay slurry applied to the surface of a ceramic tile or slab that has a matte appearance and may be permeable or waterproof.

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Water absorption (E) - Water absorption is determined as a percentage by mass in accordance with EN ISO 10545-3.

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Semi-dry pressed ceramic tiles and slabs - Ceramic tiles and slabs produced by pressing a powdered mass into molds under high pressure.

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Material on this issue is presented in standard EN 14411 .

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