The abbreviation “PVC” is used to denote a widely used thermoplastic material - polyvinyl chloride. This polymer, which is rigid under normal conditions, is easily modified by adding plasticizers and stabilizers, giving it plasticity and durability. In addition, it is perfectly colored with pigments, is resistant to many acids, alkalis, alcohols and oils, and also practically does not absorb moisture at all. Due to its properties, polyvinyl chloride is an excellent material for the manufacture of flooring.
Household PVC coatings are a multilayer material consisting of a thin working PVC layer with a pattern applied to the surface and a thick base layer, and are used in rooms with low pedestrian loads (mainly residential). The base performs sound and heat insulating functions and is made of foamed PVC or textile materials - fabric or non-woven (polyester and the like).
Semi-commercial PVC coatings are made, basically, in the same way as household coatings, but have a more durable working layer and base, and are used in premises with average pedestrian loads: residential, administrative and public. Most often they have a base made of foamed PVC.
Commercial PVC coatings are available in two types - homogeneous (single-layer, having a uniform structure and color throughout the entire thickness) and heterogeneous (multilayer without a base, having a wear-resistant top layer of pure PVC, often with a protective polyurethane coating, and a bottom layer of calendered PVC with filler) . They are used in commercial premises with high pedestrian loads: shopping and entertainment centers, supermarkets, train stations, hotels, exhibition halls and so on.
Quartz vinyl tiles are a homogeneous PVC coating with a high (50 to 80%) quartz content. This tile has high strength and wear resistance, can withstand high loads and is used in offices, cafes, clubs, industrial premises, parking lots and so on.
Woven coverings are made in the traditional way, in which the pile threads are intertwined with the weft and warp threads and all together form a single product. For woven coverings, the base is inseparable from the coating and therefore does not peel off even with intensive use. Woven coverings are divided into pile and lint-free (for example, rugs). The reverse side of the coating usually has a fabric structure.
Adhesives for woven coverings must have high initial tack and long open time, as woven coverings can be extremely bulky and difficult to install. If the coating has a repeating pattern, the adhesive must also provide a long correction time, which is important for matching the pattern at the joints.
1. Increased glue consumption . In case of increased glue consumption, its hardening time increases and in most cases is not observed. This results in wasted time, potential for bubbles, deformation of coatings and/or adhesive protruding around the perimeter of the tiles. 2. Glue consumption is too low . If not enough glue is applied, the open time will be reduced. The quality of coating adhesion decreases. Shrinkage may also occur.
An increase in the amount of mixing water inevitably leads to a decrease in the strength of the hardened mortar and an increase in its drying time. At the same time, shrinkage strains also increase, which can lead to the formation of cracks. In addition, an overdose of mixing water leads to delamination of the mixture, when the heaviest component (sand) settles down, and the lightest components (modifying additives), on the contrary, float to the surface. As a result of delamination, the homogeneity of the structure of the hardened solution is disrupted and its surface layer is significantly weakened. The main sign of mixture delamination is usually the presence of a chalking white coating on the surface of the leveling layer. In this case, the material should be considered not to comply with the declared characteristics, and the resulting floor base should not meet the requirements for it.
The main condition for the quality of work when laying leveling mixtures is strict control of the amount of mixing water!
If the impact of sewage and other liquids on the floor is high, the underlying layer, ceiling or screed must be provided with waterproofing made from glued or fused bitumen, polymer or bitumen-polymer roll materials. With low and medium intensity of exposure to liquids on the floor, waterproofing can also be made from coating bitumen or bitumen-polymer mastics, or cement-based waterproofing masses. For low- intensity exposure to water (in bathrooms, showers, kitchens), coating polymer waterproofing can be used under the cladding of ceramic or stone tiles.
Waterproofing from sewage and other liquids must be continuous in the floor structure and in areas adjacent to walls and other structures protruding above the floor to a height of at least 200 mm from the floor level. When exposed to aggressive liquids, the waterproofing material must be resistant to the specific aggressive environment.
Asphalt screeds (AS). Bitumen is used as a binder. Non-absorbent. Waterproof. Seamless. Ready for use immediately after curing. Can be used both inside and outside buildings.
Magnesium screeds (MS). Absorbent. Highly durable. Wear-resistant. Non-shrinkable. Seamless. Anti static. As a rule, they have very low water resistance. They are white or cream in color and can be tinted. Used for industrial flooring only in dry rooms.
When making screeds from cement-sand mortar and floor mixtures with cement binder, shrinkage joints must be provided in the longitudinal and transverse directions in increments of 3 to 6 meters. The seams must coincide with the axes of the columns and the installation seams of the base. The seams must have a depth of at least 1/3 of the thickness of the screed and a width of 3 to 5 mm. The seams are cut using concrete seam cutters or angle grinders approximately 1 day after making the screed.
Once shrinkage is complete (approximately 2 weeks after laying the screed), shrinkage joints must be sealed with a suitable floor or repair mixture.
Calcium sulfate screeds (SCS) gypsum or anhydrite.
Absorbent. Non-shrinkable. Seamless. They do not withstand prolonged contact with water. They are white or close to white. For use only in dry rooms.
According to EN 13813, screeds based on mineral binders are marked according to their compressive and flexural tensile strength, for example CT-C35-F4 .
Expansion joints are breaks in the structure that allow sections to move independently. Expansion joints are breaks in the structure that provide compensation for internal stresses in the structure of hardened mortar or concrete that arise during temperature changes. Shrinkage joints are breaks in structural elements that prevent the occurrence of chaotic cracks during the hardening of the solution.
In the photo from the instructions, “Distance seam 3-5 mm” is highlighted in yellow. Do I understand correctly that it is not filled with tile adhesive? What then should it be filled with?
Characteristics of the work . Carrying out complex work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : methods of marking and laying out curved surfaces for tiling and decorative cladding. Methods of decorative cladding.
Work examples . Cladding of ceilings and curved surfaces. Laying ceramic carpet floors with surface marking for laying according to a given pattern. Laying out surfaces and laying friezes of any pattern. Decorative tiling.
Characteristics of the work . Performing moderately complex work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : methods of laying out, hanging and marking horizontal and vertical surfaces. Methods of installation and fastening of shaped tiles. Rules for repairing floors and changing tiles. Methods of cladding with marble glass. Fundamentals of the design of machines for vibrating tiles.
Work examples . Hanging and marking under the cladding of straight surfaces. Cladding pilasters, niches and other small surfaces. Tiling with mortar and mastics on continuous straight wall surfaces with a joint thickness of up to 2 mm. Installation of shaped tiles (cornice, plinth, corner). Laying friezes of a simple pattern with markings. Changing facing tiles. Repair of tile floors. Cladding of wall surfaces with marble glass and tiles made of glass crystallite and glass marble. Floor tiling using machines for vibrating tiles.
Characteristics of the work . Carrying out simple work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : the properties of hydrochloric acid and the permissible strength of the solution. Methods for installing and fastening tiles. Requirements for the quality of cladding. Techniques for working with a level.
Work examples . Tiling with mortar on continuous straight surfaces of walls with a joint thickness of more than 2 mm and floors using ready-made beacons. Filling the joints between tiles with mortar. Stretching and coating the metal mesh with solution. Leveling layer device. Dismantling tiles of lined surfaces. Cutting and cutting tiles with sharpening of edges. Drilling holes in tiles. Preparation of mortars and mastics for fixing tiles. Preparation of solutions for washing lined surfaces. Floor covering with cast stone slabs.
Characteristics of the work . Performing simple work when tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : types of basic materials used for tiling. Rules for preparing the solution manually.
Work examples . Sorting tiles by size, color and grade. Manual preparation of solutions, dry mixtures and mastics according to a given composition. Preparation of base surfaces for tiling.
In my opinion, you should undergo training as a tiler. This will give you more confidence in your work. And if at the site they tell you something like “this is a violation of the technology of facing work”, “this is contrary to SNiP”, “time standards and production standards for 1 man-day are such and such”, then you will already understand what they are talking about and you can correctly explain your position. For the customer, the fact that the tiler has a qualification level will be a positive thing.
It should be mentioned here that the profession of tiler has qualification grades from 2 to 5. On the basis of 9 classes, training is possible with a grade from 2-3; on the basis of 11 classes, training is possible with a grade from 2-4. It is also possible to take specialized courses with grades from 2-4. The duration of the courses varies from 2 to 6 months.
I am sure that there are tilers on the forum who do tile laying work. Tell me how much you would agree to do the work on Timofey’s project for. Dimensions, materials, costs and quantities are indicated in this forum thread. We need to build on them.
The cost of laying ceramic tiles individually for this project will be 800 rubles per square meter. The area of the floor and walls together is 42 m2. Thus, in general, the price for the object is 42 * 800 = 33,600 rubles. The period for completing the work is 7-8 days. To carry out the work we conclude an agreement.
Piece laying of ceramic tiles includes the following technological processes:
Lay out the tiles to dry, sorting them by size and color if necessary.
Priming the base.
Application of waterproofing.
Installation of beacons.
Trimming tiles with sharpening of edges if necessary.
Installation of a layer with mixing of the finished dry mixture.
Who knows the prices for construction chemicals, please tell me approximately how much the cost of the required materials for Timofey’s project will be?
Let's calculate in today's prices. Let me clarify right away that I will not give the names of the products so as not to be banned for advertising. So, let's go.
Tile . Floor 30x30 cm - 117 pieces - 8400 rubles. Wall 15x15 cm - 1393 pieces - 32400 rubles. Total 40800 rubles.
Primer . Only 1000 rubles.
Waterproofing . A two-component one will cost 5,000 rubles. Tape 20 m - 2900 rubles. Plasters 5 pieces - 1600 rubles. Only 9500 rubles.
Tile adhesive . The cost will be 3800 rubles.
Grout . 20 kg - 3600 rubles.
Thus we have:
Tiles 40,800 rubles.
Construction chemicals 17,900 rubles.
The cost of the tiles was taken at the rate of 800 rubles/m2 for floors and 1000 rubles/m2 for walls.
Another option for cladding the floor and steps would be to use collectible ceramic granite. The result can be assessed in the photograph.
The advantages of this solution : 1) non-standard background tiles; 2) excellent technical characteristics of the material even with high abrasive effects and movement of carts; 3) the coating looks attractive and expensive; 4) visitors and store employees treat such coating with care; 5) there is a possibility of a design solution; 6) steps can be realized using special profiles.
Disadvantages of this solution : 1) high final cost (1 sq.m of tiles from 1000 to 2000 rubles, threshold for a step 2000 rubles per 250 cm, work of a master 800-1000 rubles per 1 sq.m); 2) daily care is required to maintain high aesthetic properties.
The abbreviation “PVC” is used to denote a widely used thermoplastic material - polyvinyl chloride. This polymer, which is rigid under normal conditions, is easily modified by adding plasticizers and stabilizers, giving it plasticity and durability. In addition, it is perfectly colored with pigments, is resistant to many acids, alkalis, alcohols and oils, and also practically does not absorb moisture at all. Due to its properties, polyvinyl chloride is an excellent material for the manufacture of flooring.
Household PVC coatings are a multilayer material consisting of a thin working PVC layer with a pattern applied to the surface and a thick base layer, and are used in rooms with low pedestrian loads (mainly residential). The base performs sound and heat insulating functions and is made of foamed PVC or textile materials - fabric or non-woven (polyester and the like).
Semi-commercial PVC coatings are made, basically, in the same way as household coatings, but have a more durable working layer and base, and are used in premises with average pedestrian loads: residential, administrative and public. Most often they have a base made of foamed PVC.
Commercial PVC coatings are available in two types - homogeneous (single-layer, having a uniform structure and color throughout the entire thickness) and heterogeneous (multilayer without a base, having a wear-resistant top layer of pure PVC, often with a protective polyurethane coating, and a bottom layer of calendered PVC with filler) . They are used in commercial premises with high pedestrian loads: shopping and entertainment centers, supermarkets, train stations, hotels, exhibition halls and so on.
Quartz vinyl tiles are a homogeneous PVC coating with a high (50 to 80%) quartz content. This tile has high strength and wear resistance, can withstand high loads and is used in offices, cafes, clubs, industrial premises, parking lots and so on.
Woven coverings are made in the traditional way, in which the pile threads are intertwined with the weft and warp threads and all together form a single product. For woven coverings, the base is inseparable from the coating and therefore does not peel off even with intensive use. Woven coverings are divided into pile and lint-free (for example, rugs). The reverse side of the coating usually has a fabric structure.
Adhesives for woven coverings must have high initial tack and long open time, as woven coverings can be extremely bulky and difficult to install. If the coating has a repeating pattern, the adhesive must also provide a long correction time, which is important for matching the pattern at the joints.
Choosing the right spatula avoids:
1. Increased glue consumption .
In case of increased glue consumption, its hardening time increases and in most cases is not observed. This results in wasted time, potential for bubbles, deformation of coatings and/or adhesive protruding around the perimeter of the tiles. 2. Glue consumption is too low . If not enough glue is applied, the open time will be reduced. The quality of coating adhesion decreases. Shrinkage may also occur.
Mixing water quantity
An increase in the amount of mixing water inevitably leads to a decrease in the strength of the hardened mortar and an increase in its drying time. At the same time, shrinkage strains also increase, which can lead to the formation of cracks. In addition, an overdose of mixing water leads to delamination of the mixture, when the heaviest component (sand) settles down, and the lightest components (modifying additives), on the contrary, float to the surface. As a result of delamination, the homogeneity of the structure of the hardened solution is disrupted and its surface layer is significantly weakened. The main sign of mixture delamination is usually the presence of a chalking white coating on the surface of the leveling layer. In this case, the material should be considered not to comply with the declared characteristics, and the resulting floor base should not meet the requirements for it.
The main condition for the quality of work when laying leveling mixtures is strict control of the amount of mixing water!
Waterproofing and intensity of liquid exposure
If the impact of sewage and other liquids on the floor is high, the underlying layer, ceiling or screed must be provided with waterproofing made from glued or fused bitumen, polymer or bitumen-polymer roll materials. With low and medium intensity of exposure to liquids on the floor, waterproofing can also be made from coating bitumen or bitumen-polymer mastics, or cement-based waterproofing masses. For low- intensity exposure to water (in bathrooms, showers, kitchens), coating polymer waterproofing can be used under the cladding of ceramic or stone tiles.
Waterproofing from sewage and other liquids must be continuous in the floor structure and in areas adjacent to walls and other structures protruding above the floor to a height of at least 200 mm from the floor level. When exposed to aggressive liquids, the waterproofing material must be resistant to the specific aggressive environment.
Asphalt screeds (AS). Bitumen is used as a binder. Non-absorbent. Waterproof. Seamless. Ready for use immediately after curing. Can be used both inside and outside buildings.
Magnesium screeds (MS). Absorbent. Highly durable. Wear-resistant. Non-shrinkable. Seamless. Anti static. As a rule, they have very low water resistance. They are white or cream in color and can be tinted. Used for industrial flooring only in dry rooms.
When making screeds from cement-sand mortar and floor mixtures with cement binder, shrinkage joints must be provided in the longitudinal and transverse directions in increments of 3 to 6 meters. The seams must coincide with the axes of the columns and the installation seams of the base. The seams must have a depth of at least 1/3 of the thickness of the screed and a width of 3 to 5 mm. The seams are cut using concrete seam cutters or angle grinders approximately 1 day after making the screed.
Once shrinkage is complete (approximately 2 weeks after laying the screed), shrinkage joints must be sealed with a suitable floor or repair mixture.
Calcium sulfate screeds (SCS) gypsum or anhydrite.
Absorbent. Non-shrinkable. Seamless. They do not withstand prolonged contact with water. They are white or close to white. For use only in dry rooms.
Marking of ties
According to EN 13813, screeds based on mineral binders are marked according to their compressive and flexural tensile strength, for example CT-C35-F4 .
CT – cement screed ( CA – calcium sulfate screed);
C35 – compressive strength 35 N/mm2 (or 35 MPa);
F4 – tensile strength in bending 4 N/mm2 (or 4 MPa).
The tensile strength of the screeds (axial tension) should be:
>= 1.0 N/mm2 (1.0 MPa) – for residential and commercial use;
>= 1.5 N/mm2 (1.5 MPa) – for industrial use.
Expansion joints are breaks in the structure that allow sections to move independently. Expansion joints are breaks in the structure that provide compensation for internal stresses in the structure of hardened mortar or concrete that arise during temperature changes. Shrinkage joints are breaks in structural elements that prevent the occurrence of chaotic cracks during the hardening of the solution.
The distance gap can be safely left without filling with anything. For more details, watch the video instruction Installation and laying of steps for stairs and porches .
Characteristics of the work . Carrying out complex work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : methods of marking and laying out curved surfaces for tiling and decorative cladding. Methods of decorative cladding.
Work examples . Cladding of ceilings and curved surfaces. Laying ceramic carpet floors with surface marking for laying according to a given pattern. Laying out surfaces and laying friezes of any pattern. Decorative tiling.
Characteristics of the work . Performing moderately complex work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : methods of laying out, hanging and marking horizontal and vertical surfaces. Methods of installation and fastening of shaped tiles. Rules for repairing floors and changing tiles. Methods of cladding with marble glass. Fundamentals of the design of machines for vibrating tiles.
Work examples . Hanging and marking under the cladding of straight surfaces. Cladding pilasters, niches and other small surfaces. Tiling with mortar and mastics on continuous straight wall surfaces with a joint thickness of up to 2 mm. Installation of shaped tiles (cornice, plinth, corner). Laying friezes of a simple pattern with markings. Changing facing tiles. Repair of tile floors. Cladding of wall surfaces with marble glass and tiles made of glass crystallite and glass marble. Floor tiling using machines for vibrating tiles.
Characteristics of the work . Carrying out simple work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : the properties of hydrochloric acid and the permissible strength of the solution. Methods for installing and fastening tiles. Requirements for the quality of cladding. Techniques for working with a level.
Work examples . Tiling with mortar on continuous straight surfaces of walls with a joint thickness of more than 2 mm and floors using ready-made beacons. Filling the joints between tiles with mortar. Stretching and coating the metal mesh with solution. Leveling layer device. Dismantling tiles of lined surfaces. Cutting and cutting tiles with sharpening of edges. Drilling holes in tiles. Preparation of mortars and mastics for fixing tiles. Preparation of solutions for washing lined surfaces. Floor covering with cast stone slabs.
Characteristics of the work . Performing simple work when tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : types of basic materials used for tiling. Rules for preparing the solution manually.
Work examples . Sorting tiles by size, color and grade. Manual preparation of solutions, dry mixtures and mastics according to a given composition. Preparation of base surfaces for tiling.
In my opinion, you should undergo training as a tiler. This will give you more confidence in your work. And if at the site they tell you something like “this is a violation of the technology of facing work”, “this is contrary to SNiP”, “time standards and production standards for 1 man-day are such and such”, then you will already understand what they are talking about and you can correctly explain your position. For the customer, the fact that the tiler has a qualification level will be a positive thing.
It should be mentioned here that the profession of tiler has qualification grades from 2 to 5. On the basis of 9 classes, training is possible with a grade from 2-3; on the basis of 11 classes, training is possible with a grade from 2-4. It is also possible to take specialized courses with grades from 2-4. The duration of the courses varies from 2 to 6 months.
The cost of laying ceramic tiles individually for this project will be 800 rubles per square meter. The area of the floor and walls together is 42 m2. Thus, in general, the price for the object is 42 * 800 = 33,600 rubles. The period for completing the work is 7-8 days. To carry out the work we conclude an agreement.
Piece laying of ceramic tiles includes the following technological processes:
Let's calculate in today's prices. Let me clarify right away that I will not give the names of the products so as not to be banned for advertising. So, let's go.
Thus we have:
The cost of the tiles was taken at the rate of 800 rubles/m2 for floors and 1000 rubles/m2 for walls.
The advantages of this solution :
1) non-standard background tiles;
2) excellent technical characteristics of the material even with high abrasive effects and movement of carts;
3) the coating looks attractive and expensive;
4) visitors and store employees treat such coating with care;
5) there is a possibility of a design solution;
6) steps can be realized using special profiles.
Disadvantages of this solution :
1) high final cost (1 sq.m of tiles from 1000 to 2000 rubles, threshold for a step 2000 rubles per 250 cm, work of a master 800-1000 rubles per 1 sq.m);
2) daily care is required to maintain high aesthetic properties.
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