Here is an example of an individual characteristic of a participant (the signs ___ mean the name of the employee).
____'s motivation profile contains pronounced motivational directions; they are equally important - the professional motive and the bonus motive. This combination of motivating factors characterizes a typical sales representative, while ___ not only has the desire to sell and receive a bonus, it will be important for her to sell the product taking into account the needs of the buyer. ___ strives for professional self-realization and a higher standard of living. ___ can be demotivated by disputes and disagreements in the team and lack of support from colleagues. A fairly high score on the negative experience scale indicates the importance for a specialist of the transparency of the company’s processes and its reliability.
At the training, ___ made a generally positive impression, she was active, tried to listen, participated in discussions and debates, and conveyed her position quite confidently. Confidence in attitude and actions is based on experience. During the training process, she showed curiosity and openness to new knowledge.
Competent and calm speech with moderate emotionality allows ___ to act as a specialist in front of the buyer; the buyer in most cases trusts the opinion and recommendations conveyed by ___. He is familiar with the assortment, but systematization of knowledge is simply necessary for high-quality argumentation when communicating with clients.
___ must be inspired for self-development and professional development through involvement in the corporate culture, as well as setting specific goals with subsequent monitoring. A sufficiently high level of responsibility and work experience will allow you to perfectly cope with the role of a mentor or supervisor for new employees.
The surface hardness of ceramic tiles is taken into account when choosing them for floor covering. The higher the Mohs scale, the better. I will give real values of hardness on the Mohs scale for ceramic tiles:
Replacing the mixing water with the eco-compatible water-based agent Top Latex Eco, which imparts elasticity, increases the ability of the adhesive to lateral deformation. Check the real need for deformability of the laying system, since the use of excessively deformable adhesive in combination with a base and laid material of great rigidity can cause premature and unexpected failures and subsidence, especially under large and concentrated loads.
In 2015 and 2016, I attended training events on working with waterproofing materials, which took place at the company’s consulting and technology center based at NKSS. The level of the events (technical support, work with Litokol brand products, catering, accommodation in the Yakhonty resort center, provision of work clothes) was at a very high level. Direct training was carried out by technical specialists - Dmitry Bagintsev; Slivko Alexander. If you have the opportunity to attend such training seminars, I highly recommend it.
Yes, that's right. The breaking force, as well as the breaking load, are directly proportional to the square of the thickness of the ceramic tile. Therefore, doubling the thickness of the tile increases the breaking force and the breaking load by four times.
On September 13, 2016, the opening of a new production complex of the Cedrus company took place in the city of Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Territory. The capacity of the equipment with which the new production complex is equipped allows the production of 200,000 tons of finished products per year, while the potential of the plant allows expanding production to 600,000 tons of finished products of the following brands: “Osnovit”, “Stroybrig” and “Indastro” in a volume of more than 100 nomenclature items. Deliveries from the new plant will be carried out to 17 regions of Russia, including Crimea. In addition to the production of dry construction mixtures (DCM), the plant will dry and fractionate sand.
After loading the dried slabs onto trolleys, they are fired in a tunnel kiln more than 100 meters long. Trolleys with tiles, one after another, move along the kiln sequentially through the heating, firing and heating zones. The firing temperature program is maintained in accordance with the recipe composition of the slabs and the specified quality of the final product:
for porous tiles – 1000-1200 degrees Celsius;
for red-burning clays of one-time firing - 1050-1100 degrees Celsius;
for white-burning clays of one-time firing - 1150-1200 degrees Celsius;
for porcelain clay – 1200-1250 degrees Celsius.
Firing is one of the stages of the technological process. However, the concepts of “single firing”, “double firing”, “three times firing” are not only a technological term, but also an indication of a certain type of tile.
Several firing technologies can be distinguished:
Single firing . There are several types of single-firing tiles: low-porosity tiles;highly porous tiles;porcelain ceramic tiles;pressure glazed tiles .
Double firing.
Triple firing.
Quick firing (double, single) – less than 2 hours.
The answer to this question will require a significant amount of textual information. Therefore, I will split the answer into several messages. In the first message I will list the main stages, and in subsequent messages I will consider each of them. The main stages of the technological process for the production of ceramic tiles consist of the following operations: 1. EXTRACTION OF RAW MATERIALS 2. PREPARATION OF CERAMIC MASS 3. MOLDING 4. DRYING 5. (GLAZING) 6. FIRMING For those who have not yet seen a video on the production of ceramic tiles, I recommend watching it
In the spring I was at the CF Systems Ceramics of the Future plant as part of a group. We were given a tour of the production area and a lecture on the advantages of using large-format 120x120 cm porcelain granite in cladding. They also recommended laying this 120x120 cm porcelain tile using Installer MX300 or MX400 adhesive (manufacturer PIQ) together with DLS. However, MX300 is a superfluid adhesive and needs to be applied only to the base. MX400 is thixotropic and needs to be worked with as shown in the videos: Laying large format tiles with the DLS system.Fast, convenient, easy ; Technology for laying large format tiles.Imola Ceramica .
Such events with excursions and lectures are held at the plant on a regular basis. If you have the opportunity to take part in such an event, be sure to take it.
At the Estima plant in Noginsk, experienced Italian specialists work together with Russian ones. Well-known ceramics technologist Maurizio Chiodi, who worked at the Mirage plant for more than 30 years before coming to Russia, is the developer of ceramic granite technology that imitates the texture of natural stone throughout the entire thickness of the tile. Chiodi currently serves as the Chief Technology Consultant of NCSI. Under his leadership, new collections of porcelain tiles are being developed, the company’s personnel are trained and improve their qualifications, and production and laboratory equipment is being modernized.
The Association of Ceramic Materials Manufacturers (APCM) was created in 2009 with the goal of uniting manufacturers of wall ceramics in order to achieve positive results in terms of implementing policies to promote their products. It unites the largest manufacturers with a geographical location from Kaliningrad to Novosibirsk, the largest production facilities in the Central part of Russia. APKM includes the Scientific Center for Ceramics VNIISTROM (based on and staffed by highly professional scientists VNIISTROM named after P. P. Budnikov), the Association maintains close contacts with leading specialized scientific, educational and research institutions (including Russian Chemical Technology University named after D I. Mendeleev, TsNIISK named after V. A. Kucherenko, Research Institute of Building Physics RAASN, Research Institute Mosstroy, other authoritative institutes).
The Italian standardization body, UNI, has also adopted ISO provisions. Thus:
1) the test methods were published in Italian as UNI EN ISO 10545 in 16 parts, which replaced the previous UNI EN standard in 2000;
2) the EN 14411 standard and therefore the ISO 13006 it contains, has been officially published in Italian as the UNI EN 14411 .
This solves the problems associated with the coexistence, since 2000, of the requirements of old standards ( UNI EN 87 and related UNI EN 176 , 177 , 159 , etc.) and new ones.
The European Committee for Standardization has fully adopted the ISO standards, incorporating them into the CEN standards, in particular:
1) The test methods are entirely consistent with the EN ISO 10545 , which is divided into 16 parts. Regarding slip resistance, it is simply necessary to clarify the test method used (there are: German methods for determining the coefficient R in accordance with DIN 51130 and classification A, B, C in accordance with DIN 51097; American method for determining the static coefficient of friction in accordance with ASTM C1028; English method determination of the dynamic coefficient of friction - now used almost exclusively in Italy - in accordance with BCR TORTUS, etc.);
2) EN 14411 contains a non-mandatory “normative” part, drawn entirely from the provisions of ISO 13006, and an “informative” part – annex Z – which contains mandatory instructions regarding the CE marking.
We express our gratitude to the authors of the article - students of group TX-1-06 (Tyutcheva Daria Olegovna, Grishchenko Daria Olegovna), as well as their scientific supervisor (Melnikov Evgeniy Pavlovich prof., Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy) - for the work done and information community "Infoceramics" about ceramic glazes with various decorative effects achieved by changing the composition, firing modes and other parameters.
In cases where the use of glazed ceramic tiles and slabs requires control of the release of lead or cadmium, for example, in contact with food (kitchen work surfaces, in certain sectors of the food industry), it is produced in accordance with EN ISO 10545-15 c indicating the obtained value.
The specific gravity of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) released from the tested surface, R a (M), mg/dm2, is calculated using the formula
R a (M) = R(M)*V/(1000*A),
where M is the released metal (Pb or Cd); R(M)—concentration of metal M in the extracted solution, mg/l; V is the volume of acetic acid, ml; A is the area of the tested surface, dm2.
Composite binders are a class of binders that are a composition selected in a certain proportion (mixed at the factory) of mineral and polymer binders. Both components usually participate in the hardening of binders with polymer additives. The degree of such participation largely depends on the properties and composition of both the mineral binder (Portland cement, aluminous cement, gypsum, magnesite, etc.) and the polymer additive. As a result, bases on such compositions acquire properties borrowed from each component of the original mixture. Thus, they can promote plasticization of mixtures with a significant reduction in the water content in them, as well as air entrainment and hydrophobization with a sharp increase in frost resistance. Polymer additives increase ultimate elongation, impact strength, tensile and bending strength, abrasion resistance, adhesion to other materials, etc.
The following are added as additives to mineral binders and concrete mixtures:
aqueous dispersions of polymers - latexes (natural and synthetic rubbers), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride and other emulsions that, when mixed with a mineral binder, can disintegrate with the release of water, which is bound during its hydration, and polymer particles that stick together into thin elastic films on the surface of new formations from inorganic binder, strengthening their connection with each other due to gluing; water-soluble polymers - phenolic, urea, epoxy and so on, capable of transforming into a solid insoluble state in hardening cement stone under the influence of heat or an alkaline environment that occurs during cement hydration, or specially introduced hardener additives.
In the above list of criteria for choosing ceramic tiles, I did not find a characteristic related to the tile’s resistance to household chemicals and other chemical agents. In production lines (oil and fat factories), service workshops, car washes, canteens and kitchens, difficult operating conditions for coated surfaces are encountered. Perhaps this criterion has its own special name, but, in my opinion, it should be in the list of criteria.
In this case, it is appropriate to talk about two technical characteristics of ceramic tiles, namely, stain resistance (ISO 10545-14) and chemical resistance (EN ISO 10545-13). Detailed information on both characteristics is presented in the article Stain resistance . Olga Vladimirovna , you are right, these characteristics can be used as a criterion when choosing ceramic tiles.
In my opinion, all the important criteria are listed, and as a free bonus for ceramic tiles there is ease of cleaning and surface hygiene. Like this.
Despite the fact that the ease of cleaning and surface hygiene for ceramic tiles is obvious, a detailed article on this topic has appeared on the website. Those interested can familiarize themselves with it : Ease of cleaning and surface hygiene .
As a brief annotation to the article, I will give an important quote from it: Ease of cleaning should be considered not as a property of an individual tile, but as a characteristic of the cladding system as a whole .
Individual characteristics of the participant
Here is an example of an individual characteristic of a participant (the signs ___ mean the name of the employee).
____'s motivation profile contains pronounced motivational directions; they are equally important - the professional motive and the bonus motive. This combination of motivating factors characterizes a typical sales representative, while ___ not only has the desire to sell and receive a bonus, it will be important for her to sell the product taking into account the needs of the buyer. ___ strives for professional self-realization and a higher standard of living. ___ can be demotivated by disputes and disagreements in the team and lack of support from colleagues. A fairly high score on the negative experience scale indicates the importance for a specialist of the transparency of the company’s processes and its reliability.
At the training, ___ made a generally positive impression, she was active, tried to listen, participated in discussions and debates, and conveyed her position quite confidently. Confidence in attitude and actions is based on experience. During the training process, she showed curiosity and openness to new knowledge.
Competent and calm speech with moderate emotionality allows ___ to act as a specialist in front of the buyer; the buyer in most cases trusts the opinion and recommendations conveyed by ___. He is familiar with the assortment, but systematization of knowledge is simply necessary for high-quality argumentation when communicating with clients.
___ must be inspired for self-development and professional development through involvement in the corporate culture, as well as setting specific goals with subsequent monitoring. A sufficiently high level of responsibility and work experience will allow you to perfectly cope with the role of a mentor or supervisor for new employees.
Ceramic tile surface hardness
The surface hardness of ceramic tiles is taken into account when choosing them for floor covering. The higher the Mohs scale, the better. I will give real values of hardness on the Mohs scale for ceramic tiles:
Special Applications
Replacing the mixing water with the eco-compatible water-based agent Top Latex Eco, which imparts elasticity, increases the ability of the adhesive to lateral deformation. Check the real need for deformability of the laying system, since the use of excessively deformable adhesive in combination with a base and laid material of great rigidity can cause premature and unexpected failures and subsidence, especially under large and concentrated loads.
Training seminars on working with Litokol materials
In 2015 and 2016, I attended training events on working with waterproofing materials, which took place at the company’s consulting and technology center based at NKSS. The level of the events (technical support, work with Litokol brand products, catering, accommodation in the Yakhonty resort center, provision of work clothes) was at a very high level. Direct training was carried out by technical specialists - Dmitry Bagintsev; Slivko Alexander. If you have the opportunity to attend such training seminars, I highly recommend it.
Dependence of ultimate strength on thickness
Yes, that's right. The breaking force, as well as the breaking load, are directly proportional to the square of the thickness of the ceramic tile. Therefore, doubling the thickness of the tile increases the breaking force and the breaking load by four times.
Opening of a plant in Nevinnomyssk
On September 13, 2016, the opening of a new production complex of the Cedrus company took place in the city of Nevinnomyssk, Stavropol Territory. The capacity of the equipment with which the new production complex is equipped allows the production of 200,000 tons of finished products per year, while the potential of the plant allows expanding production to 600,000 tons of finished products of the following brands: “Osnovit”, “Stroybrig” and “Indastro” in a volume of more than 100 nomenclature items. Deliveries from the new plant will be carried out to 17 regions of Russia, including Crimea. In addition to the production of dry construction mixtures (DCM), the plant will dry and fractionate sand.
Single firing
Technical characteristics of single-firing tiles.
Double firing
Technical characteristics of double-firing tiles. Their use is mainly in the interior.
After loading the dried slabs onto trolleys, they are fired in a tunnel kiln more than 100 meters long. Trolleys with tiles, one after another, move along the kiln sequentially through the heating, firing and heating zones. The firing temperature program is maintained in accordance with the recipe composition of the slabs and the specified quality of the final product:
Firing is one of the stages of the technological process. However, the concepts of “single firing”, “double firing”, “three times firing” are not only a technological term, but also an indication of a certain type of tile.
Several firing technologies can be distinguished:
The answer to this question will require a significant amount of textual information.
Therefore, I will split the answer into several messages. In the first message I will list the main stages, and in subsequent messages I will consider each of them. The main stages of the technological process for the production of ceramic tiles consist of the following operations:
1. EXTRACTION OF RAW MATERIALS
2. PREPARATION OF CERAMIC MASS
3. MOLDING
4. DRYING
5. (GLAZING)
6. FIRMING
For those who have not yet seen a video on the production of ceramic tiles, I recommend watching it
Factory visit
In the spring I was at the CF Systems Ceramics of the Future plant as part of a group. We were given a tour of the production area and a lecture on the advantages of using large-format 120x120 cm porcelain granite in cladding. They also recommended laying this 120x120 cm porcelain tile using Installer MX300 or MX400 adhesive (manufacturer PIQ) together with DLS. However, MX300 is a superfluid adhesive and needs to be applied only to the base. MX400 is thixotropic and needs to be worked with as shown in the videos: Laying large format tiles with the DLS system. Fast, convenient, easy ; Technology for laying large format tiles. Imola Ceramica .
Such events with excursions and lectures are held at the plant on a regular basis. If you have the opportunity to take part in such an event, be sure to take it.
Italian specialists work at the plant
At the Estima plant in Noginsk, experienced Italian specialists work together with Russian ones. Well-known ceramics technologist Maurizio Chiodi, who worked at the Mirage plant for more than 30 years before coming to Russia, is the developer of ceramic granite technology that imitates the texture of natural stone throughout the entire thickness of the tile. Chiodi currently serves as the Chief Technology Consultant of NCSI. Under his leadership, new collections of porcelain tiles are being developed, the company’s personnel are trained and improve their qualifications, and production and laboratory equipment is being modernized.
Reference
The Association of Ceramic Materials Manufacturers (APCM) was created in 2009 with the goal of uniting manufacturers of wall ceramics in order to achieve positive results in terms of implementing policies to promote their products. It unites the largest manufacturers with a geographical location from Kaliningrad to Novosibirsk, the largest production facilities in the Central part of Russia. APKM includes the Scientific Center for Ceramics VNIISTROM (based on and staffed by highly professional scientists VNIISTROM named after P. P. Budnikov), the Association maintains close contacts with leading specialized scientific, educational and research institutions (including Russian Chemical Technology University named after D I. Mendeleev, TsNIISK named after V. A. Kucherenko, Research Institute of Building Physics RAASN, Research Institute Mosstroy, other authoritative institutes).
The Italian standardization body, UNI, has also adopted ISO provisions. Thus:
1) the test methods were published in Italian as UNI EN ISO 10545 in 16 parts, which replaced the previous UNI EN standard in 2000;
2) the EN 14411 standard and therefore the ISO 13006 it contains, has been officially published in Italian as the UNI EN 14411 .
This solves the problems associated with the coexistence, since 2000, of the requirements of old standards ( UNI EN 87 and related UNI EN 176 , 177 , 159 , etc.) and new ones.
The European Committee for Standardization has fully adopted the ISO standards, incorporating them into the CEN standards, in particular:
1) The test methods are entirely consistent with the EN ISO 10545 , which is divided into 16 parts. Regarding slip resistance, it is simply necessary to clarify the test method used (there are: German methods for determining the coefficient R in accordance with DIN 51130 and classification A, B, C in accordance with DIN 51097; American method for determining the static coefficient of friction in accordance with ASTM C1028; English method determination of the dynamic coefficient of friction - now used almost exclusively in Italy - in accordance with BCR TORTUS, etc.);
2) EN 14411 contains a non-mandatory “normative” part, drawn entirely from the provisions of ISO 13006, and an “informative” part – annex Z – which contains mandatory instructions regarding the CE marking.
Replacement of ceramic glazes containing dangerous substance...
We express our gratitude to the authors of the article - students of group TX-1-06 (Tyutcheva Daria Olegovna, Grishchenko Daria Olegovna), as well as their scientific supervisor (Melnikov Evgeniy Pavlovich prof., Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy) - for the work done and information community "Infoceramics" about ceramic glazes with various decorative effects achieved by changing the composition, firing modes and other parameters.
Calculation of released lead Pb and cadmium Cd
In cases where the use of glazed ceramic tiles and slabs requires control of the release of lead or cadmium, for example, in contact with food (kitchen work surfaces, in certain sectors of the food industry), it is produced in accordance with EN ISO 10545-15 c indicating the obtained value.
The specific gravity of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) released from the tested surface, R a (M), mg/dm2, is calculated using the formula
R a (M) = R(M)*V/(1000*A),
where M is the released metal (Pb or Cd);
R(M)—concentration of metal M in the extracted solution, mg/l;
V is the volume of acetic acid, ml;
A is the area of the tested surface, dm2.
Composite binders are a class of binders that are a composition selected in a certain proportion (mixed at the factory) of mineral and polymer binders. Both components usually participate in the hardening of binders with polymer additives. The degree of such participation largely depends on the properties and composition of both the mineral binder (Portland cement, aluminous cement, gypsum, magnesite, etc.) and the polymer additive. As a result, bases on such compositions acquire properties borrowed from each component of the original mixture. Thus, they can promote plasticization of mixtures with a significant reduction in the water content in them, as well as air entrainment and hydrophobization with a sharp increase in frost resistance. Polymer additives increase ultimate elongation, impact strength, tensile and bending strength, abrasion resistance, adhesion to other materials, etc.
The following are added as additives to mineral binders and concrete mixtures:
aqueous dispersions of polymers - latexes (natural and synthetic rubbers), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride and other emulsions that, when mixed with a mineral binder, can disintegrate with the release of water, which is bound during its hydration, and polymer particles that stick together into thin elastic films on the surface of new formations from inorganic binder, strengthening their connection with each other due to gluing;
water-soluble polymers - phenolic, urea, epoxy and so on, capable of transforming into a solid insoluble state in hardening cement stone under the influence of heat or an alkaline environment that occurs during cement hydration, or specially introduced hardener additives.
In this case, it is appropriate to talk about two technical characteristics of ceramic tiles, namely, stain resistance (ISO 10545-14) and chemical resistance (EN ISO 10545-13). Detailed information on both characteristics is presented in the article Stain resistance . Olga Vladimirovna , you are right, these characteristics can be used as a criterion when choosing ceramic tiles.
Despite the fact that the ease of cleaning and surface hygiene for ceramic tiles is obvious, a detailed article on this topic has appeared on the website. Those interested can familiarize themselves with it : Ease of cleaning and surface hygiene .
As a brief annotation to the article, I will give an important quote from it: Ease of cleaning should be considered not as a property of an individual tile, but as a characteristic of the cladding system as a whole .
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