1) The test methods described in EN ISO 10545 establish more stringent requirements compared to those described in GOST 27180-2001; 2) The technical conditions presented in Annex G of the EN 14411 (ISO 13006) standard are more restrictive compared to those presented in GOST 6787-2001.
I agree with these conclusions.
Thus, the compliance of ITALON porcelain stoneware with the EN ISO standard indicates an undoubtedly higher quality of the material than if only the conditions of GOST standards were observed.
This conclusion will be valid for ceramic tiles from any manufacturer whose products comply with the EN ISO standard, and not just for Italon porcelain tiles.
1) ISO 10545. Describes test methods for determining the quality characteristics of tiles depending on the conditions of their use; this standard consists of 17 parts (ISO 10545-1 to ISO 10545-17), each of which presents one test method.
EN ISO 10545, under the general title Ceramic tiles and slabs, includes the following parts:
10545-1 Sampling and acceptance rules 10545-2 Determination of dimensions and surface quality 10545-3 Determination of water absorption, open porosity, apparent density and bulk density 10545-4 Determination of flexural strength and breaking load 10545-5 Determination of impact strength by measuring coefficient rebound 10545-6 Determination of wear resistance - Unglazed tiles and slabs 10545-7 Determination of wear resistance - Glazed tiles and slabs 10545-8 Determination of linear thermal expansion coefficient 10545-9 Determination of thermal resistance 10545-10 Determination of moisture expansion 10545-11 Determination of glaze cracking resistance - Glazed tiles and slabs 10545-12 Determination of frost resistance 10545-13 Determination of chemical resistance 10545-14 Determination of stain resistance 10545-15 Determination of lead and cadmium release - Glazed tiles and slabs 10545-16 Determination of minor color deviations 10545-17 Determination of coefficient of friction
Portland cement is often called simply cement - it is the most important mineral binder. It serves as the base material for most modified specialty cements, but at the same time it can be used without modification in a wide range of cementing conditions. Portland cement is a powdered material containing artificial minerals, most of which are not found in nature or are extremely rare. These minerals are highly chemically active and are able to interact with water.
Portland cement is a hydraulic binder obtained by finely grinding Portland cement clinker with gypsum and other special additives. Clinker is produced by firing a finely dispersed homogeneous raw material mixture consisting of limestone, clay, and silica until sintering. Gypsum is introduced for the purpose of regulation, setting speed and some other properties. Clinker powder without gypsum, when mixed with water, quickly sets and hardens into cement stone with reduced strength properties. According to GOST 1581-96, up to 15% of active mineral additives are allowed to be added to Portland cement during grinding. At the same time, the name of the cement does not change. The properties of Portland cement are determined primarily by the quality of the clinker.
Historical reference . It is believed that Portland cement was invented in England by mason Joseph Aspdin, who received a patent in 1824 for the production of a binder from a mixture of lime and clay by firing it until carbon dioxide is completely removed. He called this binder Portland cement. However, in Russia, Portland cement was obtained somewhat earlier, in 1817, by the head of the military work team E. G. Cheliev. In 1825, he published a book on the production of a binder, similar in composition to the Portland cement currently used.
Criteria for choosing tiles - according to surface treatment method
The surface of the tile is also a very important selection criterion. On the one hand, glazed ceramic tiles have a wide range of colors and patterns, on the other hand, unglazed ceramic tiles are more uniform throughout the entire thickness without variations or interruptions in color across the entire surface and thickness of the tile. Directions for use are obvious, especially if high strength is required in conditions of strong abrasive influences on the tiles.
The calculations in the topic are interesting and seem fair. I'll contribute to the discussion.
I think the downside of CPR is the long drying time. Those who have worked with such screeds advise carrying out subsequent work on surface cladding after about a month. Otherwise there will be problems in the future. For manufacturers of dry construction mixtures, this figure varies from a day to 7 weeks. Depends both on the specific product and on the thickness of the screed layer.
I agree with these conclusions.
This conclusion will be valid for ceramic tiles from any manufacturer whose products comply with the EN ISO standard, and not just for Italon porcelain tiles.
EN ISO 10545, under the general title Ceramic tiles and slabs, includes the following parts:
10545-1 Sampling and acceptance rules
10545-2 Determination of dimensions and surface quality
10545-3 Determination of water absorption, open porosity, apparent density and bulk density
10545-4 Determination of flexural strength and breaking load
10545-5 Determination of impact strength by measuring coefficient rebound
10545-6 Determination of wear resistance - Unglazed tiles and slabs
10545-7 Determination of wear resistance - Glazed tiles and slabs
10545-8 Determination of linear thermal expansion coefficient 10545-9
Determination of thermal resistance
10545-10 Determination of moisture expansion
10545-11 Determination of glaze cracking resistance - Glazed tiles and slabs
10545-12 Determination of frost resistance
10545-13 Determination of chemical resistance
10545-14 Determination of stain resistance 10545-15
Determination of lead and cadmium release - Glazed tiles and slabs
10545-16 Determination of minor color deviations
10545-17 Determination of coefficient of friction
Portland cement is often called simply cement - it is the most important mineral binder. It serves as the base material for most modified specialty cements, but at the same time it can be used without modification in a wide range of cementing conditions. Portland cement is a powdered material containing artificial minerals, most of which are not found in nature or are extremely rare. These minerals are highly chemically active and are able to interact with water.
Portland cement is a hydraulic binder obtained by finely grinding Portland cement clinker with gypsum and other special additives. Clinker is produced by firing a finely dispersed homogeneous raw material mixture consisting of limestone, clay, and silica until sintering. Gypsum is introduced for the purpose of regulation, setting speed and some other properties. Clinker powder without gypsum, when mixed with water, quickly sets and hardens into cement stone with reduced strength properties. According to GOST 1581-96, up to 15% of active mineral additives are allowed to be added to Portland cement during grinding. At the same time, the name of the cement does not change. The properties of Portland cement are determined primarily by the quality of the clinker.
Historical reference . It is believed that Portland cement was invented in England by mason Joseph Aspdin, who received a patent in 1824 for the production of a binder from a mixture of lime and clay by firing it until carbon dioxide is completely removed. He called this binder Portland cement. However, in Russia, Portland cement was obtained somewhat earlier, in 1817, by the head of the military work team E. G. Cheliev. In 1825, he published a book on the production of a binder, similar in composition to the Portland cement currently used.
The surface of the tile is also a very important selection criterion. On the one hand, glazed ceramic tiles have a wide range of colors and patterns, on the other hand, unglazed ceramic tiles are more uniform throughout the entire thickness without variations or interruptions in color across the entire surface and thickness of the tile. Directions for use are obvious, especially if high strength is required in conditions of strong abrasive influences on the tiles.
Seams when laying tiles with a width of 1 to 5 mm are called ordinary. Indeed, they are the most popular.
Olga Vladimirovna , why are you not satisfied with the tiles that are laid now? Maybe just replace the ones that are broken?
Ceramic tiles can be classified according to surface treatment method :
The glazing process is described here .
The calculations in the topic are interesting and seem fair. I'll contribute to the discussion.
I think the downside of CPR is the long drying time. Those who have worked with such screeds advise carrying out subsequent work on surface cladding after about a month. Otherwise there will be problems in the future. For manufacturers of dry construction mixtures, this figure varies from a day to 7 weeks. Depends both on the specific product and on the thickness of the screed layer.
The description of the Sokol plant presents a roller for the production of ceramic tiles and a roller for the production of agglomerate .