A steel ball falls from a height of 1 m onto the test surface. Using an appropriate device, the rebound height is measured with an accuracy of ±1 mm and the rebound coefficient e is calculated. Alternatively, this method can be used to measure the time up to a millisecond between two impacts of the ball and, based on the results obtained, calculate the height and rebound coefficient. To determine the height of the rebound and the time interval between both impacts of the ball, any other suitable measuring device may be used.
The surface of the ceramic tile or slab is then examined for dents and cracks. Cracks that are not detectable with the naked eye or with glasses that are constantly worn are not taken into account. Destruction of the edges of tiles or slabs with profiled surfaces is noted, but is not taken into account during the assessment.
Without going into technical details, let us clarify that knowledge of surface properties is extremely important for the cladding designer, tiler, end user and safety inspector. All of the above methods determine how slippery a surface is by its ability to resist slipping, that is, by its friction index, understood as the force opposing the movement of one body on the surface of another. They are distinguished: static friction - a force that counteracts the movement of a body that begins to move from a stationary (static) position, and dynamic friction - a force that counteracts the movement of an already moving body. As a rule, under equal accompanying conditions, dynamic friction is lower than static friction.
The DIN 51130 and DIN 51097 methods, also called "incline plane methods", consist of a person walking back and forth on a platform covered with the tiles being tested. The inclination of the test section increases at a constant rate until an angle is reached at which the person begins to feel unsure when walking, that is, begins to slide.
Classification DIN 51130. Accessory group - medium inclination angle:
NC - (α < 6°);
R9 - (6° ≤ α ≤ 10°);
R10 - (10° < α ≤ 19°);
R11 - (19° < α ≤ 27°);
R12 - (27° < α ≤ 35°);
R13 - (35° < α).
Classification DIN 51097. Accessory group - medium inclination angle:
EN ISO 10545-13:1997 recommends the following aqueous test solutions:
4.1 Household chemicals . Ammonium chloride solution, 100 g/l. 4.2 Bath salts . Sodium hypochlorite solution, 20 mg/l, prepared from commercially pure sodium hypochlorite with 13% (m/m) active chloride. 4.3 Acids and alkalis . 4.3.1 Low concentrations (L): a) hydrochloric acid solution, 3% (V/V), prepared from concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.19 g/ml); b) citric acid solution, 100 g/l; c) potassium hydroxide solution, 30 g/l. 4.3.2 High concentrations (H) a) hydrochloric acid solution, 18% (V/V), prepared from concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.19 g/ml); b) lactic acid solution, 5% (V/V); c) potassium hydroxide solution, 100 g/l.
Unglazed ceramic tiles or slabs are classified into the following classes. 7.2.1 For test solutions according to 4.1 and 4.2: - class UA: no visible changes; — class UВ: visible changes on cut surfaces; - class UC: visible changes on the cut surfaces, on the edge of the sample, which is the edge of a tile or slab, and on the front side. 7.2.2 For test solutions according to 4.3.1: - ULA class: no visible changes; — ULV class: visible changes on cut surfaces; - ULC class: visible changes on the cut surfaces, on the edge of the sample, which is the edge of the tile or slab, and on the front side. 7.2.3 For test solutions in accordance with 4.3.2: - class UNA: no visible changes; — class UNB: visible changes on cut surfaces; - class UNC: visible changes on the cut surfaces, on the edge of the sample, which is the edge of a tile or slab, and on the front side.
Glazed ceramic tiles or slabs are classified into the following classes. 8.2.3.1 For the test solutions specified in 4.1 and 4.2: - class GA(V): no visible change; — class GB(V): significant changes in appearance; — class GC(V): partial or complete loss of the original surface. 8.2.3.2 For test solutions specified in 4.3.1: - class GLA(V): no visible change; — class GLV(V): significant changes in appearance; — class GLC(V): partial or complete loss of the original surface. 8.2.3.3 For test solutions specified in 4.3.2: - class GHA(V): no visible changes; — class GНВ(V): significant changes in appearance; — class GHC(V): partial or complete loss of the original surface.
EN ISO 10545-14 Determination of stain resistance.
Cleaning methods:
Method A. The test samples are cleaned under running hot water for 5 minutes, after which their surface is wiped with a damp cloth;
Method B. Test samples are manually cleaned with a mild cleaning agent using non-scratch natural sponges or wipes. After this, their surface is washed under running water and wiped with a damp cloth;
Method C. The test samples are cleaned mechanically using strong cleaning agents: a rotating brush with a diameter of 8 cm with stiff bristles at a rotation speed of 500 rpm; container for cleaning agent with appropriate supply, connected to the brush. Cleaning is carried out for 2 minutes, after which the surface is washed under running water and wiped with a damp cloth;
Method D. The test samples are immersed in an appropriate solvent for 24 hours, after which the surface is thoroughly washed under running water and wiped with a damp cloth. Cleaning is considered complete after removing the stain with one of the solvents;
Stages of stain removal. The test samples are cleaned using one of the methods indicated above (method A, B, C or D).
Classification based on test results. Based on the test results, the surfaces of the tested samples are divided into five classes: Class 1; Class 2; Class 3; Class 4; Class 5. The test results for each sample using each of the specified stain formers (with or without a wear test on unglazed ceramic tiles or slabs) are recorded. Class 5 corresponds to the easiest level of stain cleaning; Class 1 means that the stain cannot be cleaned by any of the specified methods and/or indicates the presence of irreversible damage to the front surface.
EN ISO 10545-6 Determination of wear resistance. Unglazed tiles and slabs. Determination of the wear resistance of unglazed ceramic tiles or slabs is carried out by measuring the length of the grinding mark created on the front surface by a rotating disk under specified conditions and using an abrasive material. Wear resistance is indicated as the volume of material removed by grinding in mm 3 , and is calculated based on the length of the grinding mark (chord length of the grinding mark in mm). Requirements for the maximum permissible volume of material removed by grinding are established by the EN 14411 standard and depend on the water absorption and the method of manufacturing of ceramic tiles and slabs. For example:
semi-dry pressed ceramic tiles (E < 0.5%) - volumetric losses 175 mm 3 - ceramic granite (porcelain tiles);
semi-dry pressed ceramic tiles (0.5% < E < 3%) - volumetric loss 175 mm3;
EN ISO 10545-7 Determination of wear resistance of Glazed tiles and slabs. This test method consists of determining the abrasion resistance of a glaze as a result of rotation on the surface of an abrasive wheel and assessing wear based on a visual comparison of abraded test specimens and unabraded tiles. There is the following classification:
Class 0 – the difference is noticeable after 100 revolutions;
Class 1 – the difference is noticeable after 150 revolutions;
Class 2 – the difference is noticeable after 600 rpm;
Class 3 – the difference is noticeable after 750, 1500 rpm;
Class 4 – the difference is noticeable after 2100, 6000, 12000 rpm;
Class 5 - no noticeable difference after 12,000 revolutions and the sample must pass the stain resistance test on an exposed surface in accordance with EN ISO 10545-14.
Olga Vladimirovna , you raised an interesting question. I suggest first reading the article entitled “ Abrasion resistance, wear resistance ,” which is presented on the website. This short article discusses methods for testing the abrasion resistance of unglazed and glazed tiles and provides relevant standards. Wear resistance classes are given for glazed tiles. I think this will be a detailed answer.
At the beginning of May I finished tiling the bathroom and toilet and now I have found the time to write about the results.
So, first of all, I started laying tiles on cement mortar in the bathroom. I was lucky that the walls and floor were quite level. For this reason, when using a comb to apply cement mortar to the walls, it was enough to apply the tile and tap it several times with a rubber hammer. The tile lay “like original”, and the construction level indicated the absence of deviations. Here we can draw the first conclusion : a well-prepared base is the key to smooth and easy installation. Since I decided to grout the joints with cement mortar immediately at the time of laying, after laying 2-3 square meters I carried out the final cleaning of the cladding surface with a sponge. Here the following point came to light : removing the remaining mortar with a sponge, which you held with your hand, led to the leaching of the filler from the joints between the tiles. The decision came after watching the video for the product Fugabella Eco Porcelana 0-8 . When tiling the floor, we still had to remove the toilet and install it again on the finished ceramic surface. By the way, this is written in the technological maps.
Secondly, I tackled the bathroom. This time the walls turned out to be uneven and I first leveled them. Having further experience in tiling a toilet with ceramic tiles, the work became familiar and understandable. I first removed the plumbing fixtures, then laid the tiles with cement mortar, and then installed them back.
In conclusion, to summarize, I was pleased with the result. The speed of work, however, turned out to be low: it took me 2 months to do everything. As a result, according to our calculations, I saved about 65,000 rubles.
Characteristics of the work . Carrying out complex work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : methods of marking and laying out curved surfaces for tiling and decorative cladding. Methods of decorative cladding.
Work examples . Cladding of ceilings and curved surfaces. Laying ceramic carpet floors with surface marking for laying according to a given pattern. Laying out surfaces and laying friezes of any pattern. Decorative tiling.
Characteristics of the work . Performing moderately complex work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : methods of laying out, hanging and marking horizontal and vertical surfaces. Methods of installation and fastening of shaped tiles. Rules for repairing floors and changing tiles. Methods of cladding with marble glass. Fundamentals of the design of machines for vibrating tiles.
Work examples . Hanging and marking under the cladding of straight surfaces. Cladding pilasters, niches and other small surfaces. Tiling with mortar and mastics on continuous straight wall surfaces with a joint thickness of up to 2 mm. Installation of shaped tiles (cornice, plinth, corner). Laying friezes of a simple pattern with markings. Changing facing tiles. Repair of tile floors. Cladding of wall surfaces with marble glass and tiles made of glass crystallite and glass marble. Floor tiling using machines for vibrating tiles.
Characteristics of the work . Carrying out simple work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : the properties of hydrochloric acid and the permissible strength of the solution. Methods for installing and fastening tiles. Requirements for the quality of cladding. Techniques for working with a level.
Work examples . Tiling with mortar on continuous straight surfaces of walls with a joint thickness of more than 2 mm and floors using ready-made beacons. Filling the joints between tiles with mortar. Stretching and coating the metal mesh with solution. Leveling layer device. Dismantling tiles of lined surfaces. Cutting and cutting tiles with sharpening of edges. Drilling holes in tiles. Preparation of mortars and mastics for fixing tiles. Preparation of solutions for washing lined surfaces. Floor covering with cast stone slabs.
Characteristics of the work . Performing simple work when tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : types of basic materials used for tiling. Rules for preparing the solution manually.
Work examples . Sorting tiles by size, color and grade. Manual preparation of solutions, dry mixtures and mastics according to a given composition. Preparation of base surfaces for tiling.
I am also inclined to believe that tiles and ceramic tiles are perceived today as synonyms. However, in advertising and when searching the Internet, the second term is more often used.
Regarding Peter I, I can say the following. During a visit to Holland in 1697-1698, he drew attention to the beautiful “tiles” made in a style that is familiar to us, namely, the masters of Gzhel. So, after his return, he ordered the production of smooth white tiles, painting them with blue glaze. This led to a new direction in tiled art.
Regarding the profession of tiler, I am wondering what types of work can be performed by a master with a qualification level from 2 to 5?
In the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, edited by Ozhegov S.I. we find TILES - the same as TILE . Next, we find that a tile is a tile made of baked clay for cladding walls, stoves, usually covered on the front side with glaze, tile. Apparently, the term tile comes from the German kachel and, with the light hand of Peter I, it began to be called clay tiles. Today, tiles (tiles) mean ceramic tiles, which are thin-walled products made from ceramic mass and/or other inorganic materials. The term ceramic tiles is more often used in standards.
Maybe I don't understand something. But isn’t tile or simply tile a separate type of ceramic tile? In my opinion, the format and composition of the clay is special... Does anyone have any information about this?
I see that the Brigadier is simply a cry from the heart :)))))))))))))))))))))) But seriously, I agree in many ways, saving on construction mixtures (glue, grout, waterproofing, etc.) is actually low in relation to savings on finishing materials or wages. It’s the same as preparing a festive table, and in the hope of saving on napkins, offer guests pieces of newspapers or toilet paper :) If you put the master within the framework of using the CPR, he will 100% use this to relieve himself of responsibility for the result or increase the cost of the work.
I agree about the confidence. If you have complexes about education, there is no other way to get rid of them :))))))))))
And also, colleagues, am I the only one who finds the word TILES hurting my ears (or my eyes ;))??? How to lay TILES.. where to buy TILES... which TILES are better, etc. Since we claim to be a professional community, let's be closer to professional terminology. There is no such material as TILES, there are CERAMIC TILES. Otherwise, it won’t take long for you to slide down to the floor tiles :))))))))))))))))))))
In my opinion, you should undergo training as a tiler. This will give you more confidence in your work. And if at the site they tell you something like “this is a violation of the technology of facing work”, “this is contrary to SNiP”, “time standards and production standards for 1 man-day are such and such”, then you will already understand what they are talking about and you can correctly explain your position. For the customer, the fact that the tiler has a qualification level will be a positive thing.
It should be mentioned here that the profession of tiler has qualification grades from 2 to 5. On the basis of 9 classes, training is possible with a grade from 2-3; on the basis of 11 classes, training is possible with a grade from 2-4. It is also possible to take specialized courses with grades from 2-4. The duration of the courses varies from 2 to 6 months.
Yes, you get the essence of the phenomenon. The total pressure for waterproof grade W4 should not exceed 4 atm. Similar reasoning applies to waterproofing. Here, however, it should be understood that some types of waterproofing can work both on pressing (positive pressure) and on tearing (negative pressure). As a rule, the water resistance of the clamp is greater than the water resistance of the pull. The manufacturer indicates specific values in the technical data sheets. They should be followed.
Examples of glaze cracks
EN ISO 10545-11 provides pictures with examples of glaze cracks.
Test procedure
A steel ball falls from a height of 1 m onto the test surface. Using an appropriate device, the rebound height is measured with an accuracy of ±1 mm and the rebound coefficient e is calculated. Alternatively, this method can be used to measure the time up to a millisecond between two impacts of the ball and, based on the results obtained, calculate the height and rebound coefficient. To determine the height of the rebound and the time interval between both impacts of the ball, any other suitable measuring device may be used.
The surface of the ceramic tile or slab is then examined for dents and cracks. Cracks that are not detectable with the naked eye or with glasses that are constantly worn are not taken into account. Destruction of the edges of tiles or slabs with profiled surfaces is noted, but is not taken into account during the assessment.
Methods DIN 51130 and DIN 51097
Without going into technical details, let us clarify that knowledge of surface properties is extremely important for the cladding designer, tiler, end user and safety inspector. All of the above methods determine how slippery a surface is by its ability to resist slipping, that is, by its friction index, understood as the force opposing the movement of one body on the surface of another. They are distinguished: static friction - a force that counteracts the movement of a body that begins to move from a stationary (static) position, and dynamic friction - a force that counteracts the movement of an already moving body. As a rule, under equal accompanying conditions, dynamic friction is lower than static friction.
The DIN 51130 and DIN 51097 methods, also called "incline plane methods", consist of a person walking back and forth on a platform covered with the tiles being tested. The inclination of the test section increases at a constant rate until an angle is reached at which the person begins to feel unsure when walking, that is, begins to slide.
Classification DIN 51130. Accessory group - medium inclination angle:
Classification DIN 51097. Accessory group - medium inclination angle:
Determination of chemical resistance
EN ISO 10545-13:1997 recommends the following aqueous test solutions:
4.1 Household chemicals .
Ammonium chloride solution, 100 g/l. 4.2 Bath salts .
Sodium hypochlorite solution, 20 mg/l, prepared from commercially pure sodium hypochlorite with 13% (m/m) active chloride. 4.3 Acids and alkalis .
4.3.1 Low concentrations (L):
a) hydrochloric acid solution, 3% (V/V), prepared from concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.19 g/ml);
b) citric acid solution, 100 g/l;
c) potassium hydroxide solution, 30 g/l.
4.3.2 High concentrations (H)
a) hydrochloric acid solution, 18% (V/V), prepared from concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.19 g/ml);
b) lactic acid solution, 5% (V/V);
c) potassium hydroxide solution, 100 g/l.
Unglazed ceramic tiles or slabs are classified into the following classes.
7.2.1 For test solutions according to 4.1 and 4.2:
- class UA: no visible changes;
— class UВ: visible changes on cut surfaces;
- class UC: visible changes on the cut surfaces, on the edge of the sample, which is the edge of a tile or slab, and on the front side.
7.2.2 For test solutions according to 4.3.1:
- ULA class: no visible changes;
— ULV class: visible changes on cut surfaces;
- ULC class: visible changes on the cut surfaces, on the edge of the sample, which is the edge of the tile or slab, and on the front side.
7.2.3 For test solutions in accordance with 4.3.2:
- class UNA: no visible changes;
— class UNB: visible changes on cut surfaces;
- class UNC: visible changes on the cut surfaces, on the edge of the sample, which is the edge of a tile or slab, and on the front side.
Glazed ceramic tiles or slabs are classified into the following classes.
8.2.3.1 For the test solutions specified in 4.1 and 4.2:
- class GA(V): no visible change;
— class GB(V): significant changes in appearance;
— class GC(V): partial or complete loss of the original surface.
8.2.3.2 For test solutions specified in 4.3.1:
- class GLA(V): no visible change;
— class GLV(V): significant changes in appearance;
— class GLC(V): partial or complete loss of the original surface.
8.2.3.3 For test solutions specified in 4.3.2:
- class GHA(V): no visible changes;
— class GНВ(V): significant changes in appearance;
— class GHC(V): partial or complete loss of the original surface.
Stain resistance
EN ISO 10545-14 Determination of stain resistance.
Cleaning methods:
Stages of stain removal. The test samples are cleaned using one of the methods indicated above (method A, B, C or D).
Classification based on test results. Based on the test results, the surfaces of the tested samples are divided into five classes: Class 1; Class 2; Class 3; Class 4; Class 5. The test results for each sample using each of the specified stain formers (with or without a wear test on unglazed ceramic tiles or slabs) are recorded. Class 5 corresponds to the easiest level of stain cleaning; Class 1 means that the stain cannot be cleaned by any of the specified methods and/or indicates the presence of irreversible damage to the front surface.
Wear resistance of unglazed tiles in cubic mm
EN ISO 10545-6 Determination of wear resistance. Unglazed tiles and slabs. Determination of the wear resistance of unglazed ceramic tiles or slabs is carried out by measuring the length of the grinding mark created on the front surface by a rotating disk under specified conditions and using an abrasive material. Wear resistance is indicated as the volume of material removed by grinding in mm 3 , and is calculated based on the length of the grinding mark (chord length of the grinding mark in mm). Requirements for the maximum permissible volume of material removed by grinding are established by the EN 14411 standard and depend on the water absorption and the method of manufacturing of ceramic tiles and slabs. For example:
Visible changes with number of revolutions for glazed slabs
EN ISO 10545-7 Determination of wear resistance of Glazed tiles and slabs. This test method consists of determining the abrasion resistance of a glaze as a result of rotation on the surface of an abrasive wheel and assessing wear based on a visual comparison of abraded test specimens and unabraded tiles. There is the following classification:
Olga Vladimirovna , you raised an interesting question. I suggest first reading the article entitled “ Abrasion resistance, wear resistance ,” which is presented on the website. This short article discusses methods for testing the abrasion resistance of unglazed and glazed tiles and provides relevant standards. Wear resistance classes are given for glazed tiles. I think this will be a detailed answer.
At the beginning of May I finished tiling the bathroom and toilet and now I have found the time to write about the results.
So, first of all, I started laying tiles on cement mortar in the bathroom. I was lucky that the walls and floor were quite level. For this reason, when using a comb to apply cement mortar to the walls, it was enough to apply the tile and tap it several times with a rubber hammer. The tile lay “like original”, and the construction level indicated the absence of deviations. Here we can draw the first conclusion : a well-prepared base is the key to smooth and easy installation. Since I decided to grout the joints with cement mortar immediately at the time of laying, after laying 2-3 square meters I carried out the final cleaning of the cladding surface with a sponge. Here the following point came to light : removing the remaining mortar with a sponge, which you held with your hand, led to the leaching of the filler from the joints between the tiles. The decision came after watching the video for the product Fugabella Eco Porcelana 0-8 . When tiling the floor, we still had to remove the toilet and install it again on the finished ceramic surface. By the way, this is written in the technological maps.
Secondly, I tackled the bathroom. This time the walls turned out to be uneven and I first leveled them. Having further experience in tiling a toilet with ceramic tiles, the work became familiar and understandable. I first removed the plumbing fixtures, then laid the tiles with cement mortar, and then installed them back.
In conclusion, to summarize, I was pleased with the result. The speed of work, however, turned out to be low: it took me 2 months to do everything. As a result, according to our calculations, I saved about 65,000 rubles.
Characteristics of the work . Carrying out complex work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : methods of marking and laying out curved surfaces for tiling and decorative cladding. Methods of decorative cladding.
Work examples . Cladding of ceilings and curved surfaces. Laying ceramic carpet floors with surface marking for laying according to a given pattern. Laying out surfaces and laying friezes of any pattern. Decorative tiling.
Characteristics of the work . Performing moderately complex work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : methods of laying out, hanging and marking horizontal and vertical surfaces. Methods of installation and fastening of shaped tiles. Rules for repairing floors and changing tiles. Methods of cladding with marble glass. Fundamentals of the design of machines for vibrating tiles.
Work examples . Hanging and marking under the cladding of straight surfaces. Cladding pilasters, niches and other small surfaces. Tiling with mortar and mastics on continuous straight wall surfaces with a joint thickness of up to 2 mm. Installation of shaped tiles (cornice, plinth, corner). Laying friezes of a simple pattern with markings. Changing facing tiles. Repair of tile floors. Cladding of wall surfaces with marble glass and tiles made of glass crystallite and glass marble. Floor tiling using machines for vibrating tiles.
Characteristics of the work . Carrying out simple work on tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : the properties of hydrochloric acid and the permissible strength of the solution. Methods for installing and fastening tiles. Requirements for the quality of cladding. Techniques for working with a level.
Work examples . Tiling with mortar on continuous straight surfaces of walls with a joint thickness of more than 2 mm and floors using ready-made beacons. Filling the joints between tiles with mortar. Stretching and coating the metal mesh with solution. Leveling layer device. Dismantling tiles of lined surfaces. Cutting and cutting tiles with sharpening of edges. Drilling holes in tiles. Preparation of mortars and mastics for fixing tiles. Preparation of solutions for washing lined surfaces. Floor covering with cast stone slabs.
Characteristics of the work . Performing simple work when tiling with ceramic, glass, asbestos-cement and other tiles.
Must know : types of basic materials used for tiling. Rules for preparing the solution manually.
Work examples . Sorting tiles by size, color and grade. Manual preparation of solutions, dry mixtures and mastics according to a given composition. Preparation of base surfaces for tiling.
I am also inclined to believe that tiles and ceramic tiles are perceived today as synonyms. However, in advertising and when searching the Internet, the second term is more often used.
Regarding Peter I, I can say the following. During a visit to Holland in 1697-1698, he drew attention to the beautiful “tiles” made in a style that is familiar to us, namely, the masters of Gzhel. So, after his return, he ordered the production of smooth white tiles, painting them with blue glaze. This led to a new direction in tiled art.
Regarding the profession of tiler, I am wondering what types of work can be performed by a master with a qualification level from 2 to 5?
In the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, edited by Ozhegov S.I. we find TILES - the same as TILE . Next, we find that a tile is a tile made of baked clay for cladding walls, stoves, usually covered on the front side with glaze, tile. Apparently, the term tile comes from the German kachel and, with the light hand of Peter I, it began to be called clay tiles. Today, tiles (tiles) mean ceramic tiles, which are thin-walled products made from ceramic mass and/or other inorganic materials. The term ceramic tiles is more often used in standards.
Maybe I don't understand something. But isn’t tile or simply tile a separate type of ceramic tile? In my opinion, the format and composition of the clay is special... Does anyone have any information about this?
I see that the Brigadier is simply a cry from the heart :)))))))))))))))))))))) But seriously, I agree in many ways, saving on construction mixtures (glue, grout, waterproofing, etc.) is actually low in relation to savings on finishing materials or wages. It’s the same as preparing a festive table, and in the hope of saving on napkins, offer guests pieces of newspapers or toilet paper :) If you put the master within the framework of using the CPR, he will 100% use this to relieve himself of responsibility for the result or increase the cost of the work.
I agree about the confidence. If you have complexes about education, there is no other way to get rid of them :))))))))))
And also, colleagues, am I the only one who finds the word TILES hurting my ears (or my eyes ;))??? How to lay TILES.. where to buy TILES... which TILES are better, etc. Since we claim to be a professional community, let's be closer to professional terminology. There is no such material as TILES, there are CERAMIC TILES. Otherwise, it won’t take long for you to slide down to the floor tiles :))))))))))))))))))))
In my opinion, you should undergo training as a tiler. This will give you more confidence in your work. And if at the site they tell you something like “this is a violation of the technology of facing work”, “this is contrary to SNiP”, “time standards and production standards for 1 man-day are such and such”, then you will already understand what they are talking about and you can correctly explain your position. For the customer, the fact that the tiler has a qualification level will be a positive thing.
It should be mentioned here that the profession of tiler has qualification grades from 2 to 5. On the basis of 9 classes, training is possible with a grade from 2-3; on the basis of 11 classes, training is possible with a grade from 2-4. It is also possible to take specialized courses with grades from 2-4. The duration of the courses varies from 2 to 6 months.
Yes, you get the essence of the phenomenon. The total pressure for waterproof grade W4 should not exceed 4 atm. Similar reasoning applies to waterproofing. Here, however, it should be understood that some types of waterproofing can work both on pressing (positive pressure) and on tearing (negative pressure). As a rule, the water resistance of the clamp is greater than the water resistance of the pull. The manufacturer indicates specific values in the technical data sheets. They should be followed.
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