A layer of leveling mixture 2 mm thick contains approximately 0.8 liters of water per 1 m2. If half of this amount of water evaporates in a room of 20 m2, this means that at least 8 liters of water must be released into the room air. However, at a temperature of +20°C, the entire volume of air in the room can absorb only about 1 liter of water. This example clearly shows how necessary natural ventilation or indoor air circulation is when working with floor leveling mixtures! But, nevertheless, the windows must be closed and drafts are not allowed!
Replacing the mixing water with the eco-compatible water-based agent Top Latex Eco, which imparts elasticity, increases the ability of the adhesive to lateral deformation. Check the real need for deformability of the laying system, since the use of excessively deformable adhesive in combination with a base and laid material of great rigidity can cause premature and unexpected failures and subsidence, especially under large and concentrated loads.
Layers often make costly mistakes when preparing subfloors, so professionals know very well how important it is to carefully weigh the pros and cons when choosing preparation methods. If you are in any doubt, consult with a qualified professional for detailed advice on the best course of action to take in your particular situation. Too often, a seemingly simple and obvious solution much later, already during operation, leads to negative consequences that could have been avoided. The laws of physics or chemistry cannot be circumvented. Problems arising during the performance of work can only be solved in accordance with these laws by following the recommendations of specialists. Ultimately, this is why there is a technical support service for construction chemical manufacturing companies.
If the impact of sewage and other liquids on the floor is high, the underlying layer, ceiling or screed must be provided with waterproofing made from glued or fused bitumen, polymer or bitumen-polymer roll materials. With low and medium intensity of exposure to liquids on the floor, waterproofing can also be made from coating bitumen or bitumen-polymer mastics, or cement-based waterproofing masses. For low- intensity exposure to water (in bathrooms, showers, kitchens), coating polymer waterproofing can be used under the cladding of ceramic or stone tiles.
Waterproofing from sewage and other liquids must be continuous in the floor structure and in areas adjacent to walls and other structures protruding above the floor to a height of at least 200 mm from the floor level. When exposed to aggressive liquids, the waterproofing material must be resistant to the specific aggressive environment.
I approve of the article, although I did not find a clear answer to the question posed with justification. He's hiding somewhere between the lines. So, import substitution of ceramic tiles in Russia is a reality. To confirm this conclusion, it is enough to read the 2016 article on the production of ceramic tiles in Russia . Here you can see that the import of ceramic tiles to Russia from 2013 to 2016 fell threefold (from 90 million m2 to 30 million m2), and the production of ceramic tiles in Russia remained approximately the same (2013 - 167 million m2; 2016 - 160 million m2).
Laying screeds should be carried out at base and air temperatures from +5 to +30 degrees Celsius and relative air humidity not higher than 80%. The base must be cleaned of dirt and dust. Unstable areas, weakened surface layer, laitance should be removed.
When laying screeds connected to the base with a thickness of up to 40 mm, it is recommended to treat the base with a water-dispersion primer in order to prevent the screed from drying out due to intensive suction of water by the base. If the layer thickness is more than 40 mm, instead of priming, the base can be moistened to a matte shine, preventing accumulation of water.
To ensure maximum adhesion of the screed to the concrete base, it is recommended to apply an adhesive layer (read more in the topic How to properly adhere the leveling screed to the base? ). The screed is laid on the still wet adhesive layer, without waiting for it to dry.
Asphalt screeds (AS). Bitumen is used as a binder. Non-absorbent. Waterproof. Seamless. Ready for use immediately after curing. Can be used both inside and outside buildings.
Magnesium screeds (MS). Absorbent. Highly durable. Wear-resistant. Non-shrinkable. Seamless. Anti static. As a rule, they have very low water resistance. They are white or cream in color and can be tinted. Used for industrial flooring only in dry rooms.
When making screeds from cement-sand mortar and floor mixtures with cement binder, shrinkage joints must be provided in the longitudinal and transverse directions in increments of 3 to 6 meters. The seams must coincide with the axes of the columns and the installation seams of the base. The seams must have a depth of at least 1/3 of the thickness of the screed and a width of 3 to 5 mm. The seams are cut using concrete seam cutters or angle grinders approximately 1 day after making the screed.
Once shrinkage is complete (approximately 2 weeks after laying the screed), shrinkage joints must be sealed with a suitable floor or repair mixture.
Calcium sulfate screeds (SCS) gypsum or anhydrite.
Absorbent. Non-shrinkable. Seamless. They do not withstand prolonged contact with water. They are white or close to white. For use only in dry rooms.
According to EN 13813, screeds based on mineral binders are marked according to their compressive and flexural tensile strength, for example CT-C35-F4 .
A floating screed is a screed that distributes loads across an elastic sound or heat insulating layer. Must be made from concrete of class not lower than B15 or from cement-sand mortars or floor mixtures based on cement binder with a compressive strength of at least 20 MPa. The thickness of the floating screed must be at least 45 mm. For concentrated loads on the floor of more than 20KN (about 2 tons), the thickness of the screed must be determined by calculation. On a concrete base, under a layer of sound or thermal insulation, a layer of vapor barrier (for example, polyethylene film) must be provided to prevent water vapor from penetrating into them through the ceiling from the floor below.
Screeds on a separating layer are used in cases of possible penetration of moisture from the base, severe contamination of the base with bitumen, machine oil, etc., as well as to distribute loads over a base with insufficiently high strength. The following can be used as a separating layer: polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride film, rolled waterproofing materials (gidrostekloizol, stekloizol) and the like. The thickness of the screeds on the separating layer must be at least 35 mm. In places where they interface with walls and partitions, gaps must be provided for the entire thickness of the screed, filled with porous material.
Screeds connected to the base must be made of concrete of class not lower than B12.5 or from cement-sand mortars or floor mixtures with a compressive strength of at least 15 MPa. The thickness of monolithic screeds made from self-compacting floor mixtures must be at least 1.5 times the diameter of the maximum aggregate contained in this mixture. In places where they meet walls and partitions, it is recommended to provide gaps for the entire thickness of the screed, filled with porous materials. Screeds connected to the base are not protected from the penetration of moisture from the base, so special attention must be paid to moisture control, especially if a vapor barrier material is planned.
In 2015 and 2016, I attended training events on working with waterproofing materials, which took place at the company’s consulting and technology center based at NKSS. The level of the events (technical support, work with Litokol brand products, catering, accommodation in the Yakhonty resort center, provision of work clothes) was at a very high level. Direct training was carried out by technical specialists - Dmitry Bagintsev; Slivko Alexander. If you have the opportunity to attend such training seminars, I highly recommend it.
The article uses designations for classes of cement adhesives for ceramic tiles. Explain how to use them for the common man.
So, let's go in order. 1 -- Solutions or adhesives meeting normal requirements. Ceramic tiles having a water absorption of 3% or more can be laid on such solutions or adhesives . 2 -- Solutions or adhesives that meet increased requirements. Ceramic tiles with any water absorption capacity, including porcelain stoneware, can be laid on such solutions and adhesives . F -- Fast-hardening mortars. Such solutions and adhesives are used for: laying natural stone;ceiling cladding;quick operation of the cladding . T -- Solutions or adhesives with increased slip resistance. Such solutions and adhesives are used for cladding inclined and vertical surfaces - walls . E -- Solutions or adhesives with extended open time. Such solutions and adhesives can be applied in one pass over large areas, and then ceramic tiles can be laid piece by piece . S1 -- Deformable mortars or adhesives. Used for cladding deformable bases: sheet materials, wooden floors, plywood . S2 -- Highly deformable solutions or adhesives. They are used when facing highly deformable substrates: sheet materials, wooden floors, plywood.
From 2002 to 2008, the Fryanovsky ceramic plant produced ceramic tiles under the Lira Ceramica brand. After FKZ entered the Rovese group, Lira Ceramics LLC was liquidated. Officially, Lira Ceramics LLC operated from September 11, 2001 to July 27, 2009.
Yes, that's right. The breaking force, as well as the breaking load, are directly proportional to the square of the thickness of the ceramic tile. Therefore, doubling the thickness of the tile increases the breaking force and the breaking load by four times.
Suppose one tile is twice as thick as another, the flexural strength of these tiles will be the same, while the tensile strength of a thinner tile will be 3/4 less than that of a thicker one.
In other words, the tensile strength of a thinner tile will be 4 times less than that of a thicker one.
On October 20, 2016, a training seminar for partners was held at the RUSSPLIT trade and exhibition hall. The main topic of the last seminar was working with the end consumer. More information about the seminar . The speakers were:
Karzhitsky V.V. (Interim Head of the Freelight Marketing Department);
Chuiko N.V. (Head of the "Business Class" center);
Evaporation of water
A layer of leveling mixture 2 mm thick contains approximately 0.8 liters of water per 1 m2. If half of this amount of water evaporates in a room of 20 m2, this means that at least 8 liters of water must be released into the room air. However, at a temperature of +20°C, the entire volume of air in the room can absorb only about 1 liter of water. This example clearly shows how necessary natural ventilation or indoor air circulation is when working with floor leveling mixtures! But, nevertheless, the windows must be closed and drafts are not allowed!
Special Applications
Replacing the mixing water with the eco-compatible water-based agent Top Latex Eco, which imparts elasticity, increases the ability of the adhesive to lateral deformation. Check the real need for deformability of the laying system, since the use of excessively deformable adhesive in combination with a base and laid material of great rigidity can cause premature and unexpected failures and subsidence, especially under large and concentrated loads.
Brief summary
Layers often make costly mistakes when preparing subfloors, so professionals know very well how important it is to carefully weigh the pros and cons when choosing preparation methods. If you are in any doubt, consult with a qualified professional for detailed advice on the best course of action to take in your particular situation. Too often, a seemingly simple and obvious solution much later, already during operation, leads to negative consequences that could have been avoided. The laws of physics or chemistry cannot be circumvented. Problems arising during the performance of work can only be solved in accordance with these laws by following the recommendations of specialists. Ultimately, this is why there is a technical support service for construction chemical manufacturing companies.
Waterproofing and intensity of liquid exposure
If the impact of sewage and other liquids on the floor is high, the underlying layer, ceiling or screed must be provided with waterproofing made from glued or fused bitumen, polymer or bitumen-polymer roll materials. With low and medium intensity of exposure to liquids on the floor, waterproofing can also be made from coating bitumen or bitumen-polymer mastics, or cement-based waterproofing masses. For low- intensity exposure to water (in bathrooms, showers, kitchens), coating polymer waterproofing can be used under the cladding of ceramic or stone tiles.
Waterproofing from sewage and other liquids must be continuous in the floor structure and in areas adjacent to walls and other structures protruding above the floor to a height of at least 200 mm from the floor level. When exposed to aggressive liquids, the waterproofing material must be resistant to the specific aggressive environment.
Import substitution reality
I approve of the article, although I did not find a clear answer to the question posed with justification. He's hiding somewhere between the lines. So, import substitution of ceramic tiles in Russia is a reality. To confirm this conclusion, it is enough to read the 2016 article on the production of ceramic tiles in Russia . Here you can see that the import of ceramic tiles to Russia from 2013 to 2016 fell threefold (from 90 million m2 to 30 million m2), and the production of ceramic tiles in Russia remained approximately the same (2013 - 167 million m2; 2016 - 160 million m2).
Screed device
Laying screeds should be carried out at base and air temperatures from +5 to +30 degrees Celsius and relative air humidity not higher than 80%. The base must be cleaned of dirt and dust. Unstable areas, weakened surface layer, laitance should be removed.
When laying screeds connected to the base with a thickness of up to 40 mm, it is recommended to treat the base with a water-dispersion primer in order to prevent the screed from drying out due to intensive suction of water by the base. If the layer thickness is more than 40 mm, instead of priming, the base can be moistened to a matte shine, preventing accumulation of water.
To ensure maximum adhesion of the screed to the concrete base, it is recommended to apply an adhesive layer (read more in the topic How to properly adhere the leveling screed to the base? ). The screed is laid on the still wet adhesive layer, without waiting for it to dry.
Asphalt screeds (AS). Bitumen is used as a binder. Non-absorbent. Waterproof. Seamless. Ready for use immediately after curing. Can be used both inside and outside buildings.
Magnesium screeds (MS). Absorbent. Highly durable. Wear-resistant. Non-shrinkable. Seamless. Anti static. As a rule, they have very low water resistance. They are white or cream in color and can be tinted. Used for industrial flooring only in dry rooms.
When making screeds from cement-sand mortar and floor mixtures with cement binder, shrinkage joints must be provided in the longitudinal and transverse directions in increments of 3 to 6 meters. The seams must coincide with the axes of the columns and the installation seams of the base. The seams must have a depth of at least 1/3 of the thickness of the screed and a width of 3 to 5 mm. The seams are cut using concrete seam cutters or angle grinders approximately 1 day after making the screed.
Once shrinkage is complete (approximately 2 weeks after laying the screed), shrinkage joints must be sealed with a suitable floor or repair mixture.
Calcium sulfate screeds (SCS) gypsum or anhydrite.
Absorbent. Non-shrinkable. Seamless. They do not withstand prolonged contact with water. They are white or close to white. For use only in dry rooms.
Marking of ties
According to EN 13813, screeds based on mineral binders are marked according to their compressive and flexural tensile strength, for example CT-C35-F4 .
CT – cement screed ( CA – calcium sulfate screed);
C35 – compressive strength 35 N/mm2 (or 35 MPa);
F4 – tensile strength in bending 4 N/mm2 (or 4 MPa).
The tensile strength of the screeds (axial tension) should be:
>= 1.0 N/mm2 (1.0 MPa) – for residential and commercial use;
>= 1.5 N/mm2 (1.5 MPa) – for industrial use.
Floating screed
A floating screed is a screed that distributes loads across an elastic sound or heat insulating layer. Must be made from concrete of class not lower than B15 or from cement-sand mortars or floor mixtures based on cement binder with a compressive strength of at least 20 MPa. The thickness of the floating screed must be at least 45 mm. For concentrated loads on the floor of more than 20KN (about 2 tons), the thickness of the screed must be determined by calculation. On a concrete base, under a layer of sound or thermal insulation, a layer of vapor barrier (for example, polyethylene film) must be provided to prevent water vapor from penetrating into them through the ceiling from the floor below.
Screeds on the separating layer
Screeds on a separating layer are used in cases of possible penetration of moisture from the base, severe contamination of the base with bitumen, machine oil, etc., as well as to distribute loads over a base with insufficiently high strength. The following can be used as a separating layer: polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride film, rolled waterproofing materials (gidrostekloizol, stekloizol) and the like. The thickness of the screeds on the separating layer must be at least 35 mm. In places where they interface with walls and partitions, gaps must be provided for the entire thickness of the screed, filled with porous material.
Monolithic screeds
Screeds connected to the base must be made of concrete of class not lower than B12.5 or from cement-sand mortars or floor mixtures with a compressive strength of at least 15 MPa. The thickness of monolithic screeds made from self-compacting floor mixtures must be at least 1.5 times the diameter of the maximum aggregate contained in this mixture. In places where they meet walls and partitions, it is recommended to provide gaps for the entire thickness of the screed, filled with porous materials. Screeds connected to the base are not protected from the penetration of moisture from the base, so special attention must be paid to moisture control, especially if a vapor barrier material is planned.
Training seminars on working with Litokol materials
In 2015 and 2016, I attended training events on working with waterproofing materials, which took place at the company’s consulting and technology center based at NKSS. The level of the events (technical support, work with Litokol brand products, catering, accommodation in the Yakhonty resort center, provision of work clothes) was at a very high level. Direct training was carried out by technical specialists - Dmitry Bagintsev; Slivko Alexander. If you have the opportunity to attend such training seminars, I highly recommend it.
Classes of adhesives for ceramic tiles
So, let's go in order.
1 -- Solutions or adhesives meeting normal requirements. Ceramic tiles having a water absorption of 3% or more can be laid on such solutions or adhesives .
2 -- Solutions or adhesives that meet increased requirements. Ceramic tiles with any water absorption capacity, including porcelain stoneware, can be laid on such solutions and adhesives .
F -- Fast-hardening mortars. Such solutions and adhesives are used for: laying natural stone; ceiling cladding; quick operation of the cladding .
T -- Solutions or adhesives with increased slip resistance. Such solutions and adhesives are used for cladding inclined and vertical surfaces - walls .
E -- Solutions or adhesives with extended open time. Such solutions and adhesives can be applied in one pass over large areas, and then ceramic tiles can be laid piece by piece .
S1 -- Deformable mortars or adhesives. Used for cladding deformable bases: sheet materials, wooden floors, plywood .
S2 -- Highly deformable solutions or adhesives. They are used when facing highly deformable substrates: sheet materials, wooden floors, plywood.
Ceramic tiles Lira Ceramics
From 2002 to 2008, the Fryanovsky ceramic plant produced ceramic tiles under the Lira Ceramica brand. After FKZ entered the Rovese group, Lira Ceramics LLC was liquidated. Officially, Lira Ceramics LLC operated from September 11, 2001 to July 27, 2009.
Dependence of ultimate strength on thickness
Yes, that's right. The breaking force, as well as the breaking load, are directly proportional to the square of the thickness of the ceramic tile. Therefore, doubling the thickness of the tile increases the breaking force and the breaking load by four times.
Dependence of ultimate strength on thickness
Do I understand this proposal correctly?
In other words, the tensile strength of a thinner tile will be 4 times less than that of a thicker one.
Training seminar RUSSPLIT
On October 20, 2016, a training seminar for partners was held at the RUSSPLIT trade and exhibition hall. The main topic of the last seminar was working with the end consumer. More information about the seminar . The speakers were:
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